[" Identify the person who laid foundation "],[" for understanding of tropical "],[" communities and their succession,"],[" environmental responses of plant "],[" populations etc.,"],[" (A) Ernst Hackel "],[" (B) Ramachandran "],[" (C) Khorana "],[" (D) Ramdeo Mishra "]

My Car Ltd'. Decided to set up its new car manufacturing factory in the backward area of west Bengal where very less job opportunities were available. People of that area welcomed this effort of 'My Car Ltd.' The company also decided to provide facilities like school, hospital, market, etc. in the factory premises so that the people are attracted to join the factory as workers. 'My Car Ltd.' started earning huge profit. Another competing company asked its production manager Arvind to investigate the reasons of earning huge profits by 'My Car Ltd. Arvind found that in both companies there was systematic coordination among the various activities to achieve organisational goals. Every employee knew who was responsible and accountable to whom. The only difference was in his organisation communication took place only through the scalar chain where as 'My Car Ltd.' was allowing flow of communication in all the directions as per the requirement which led to faster spread of information as well as feed-back. (a) Identify the type of organisation which permits the flow of communication in all the directions in 'My Car Ltd'. (b) Also state an advantage of the type of organisation identified in part (a) above.

A passage is given with five questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives. A plant species that has outlived the dinosaurs, the Cycas circinalis, a 'living fossil' found only in the Western Ghats, faces the threat of extinction due to the over-harvesting of its leaves for commercial purposes. While there are nine species of Cycas found across the country, almost all of which are classified as being endangered, the Cycas circinalis, found at altitudes between 1,500 and 1,800 meters, has traditionally been used by tribal communities for a variety of purposes. In the Nilgiris and other parts of the Western Ghats, where the plant is found, the seed is sometimes soaked in water (to remove a strong poison contained within) and ground into flour, after which it is eaten, while the seed is also said to be used in traditional, indigenous medicine. However, over the last few decades, the leaves of the circinalis, which are used for ornamental purposes like for setting up 'pandals' have been harvested in bulk from the remaining plants, often leading to them becoming stunted and unable to reproduce and increase in number. With a single leaf costing as much as Rs 25, the economic incentive to completely strip the plant of all its leaves in one harvest remains high for most people. Shiny Miriam Rehel, Programme Co-ordinator for the Biodiversity Restoration Programme at Keystone Foundation, speaking to The Hindu, said that circinalis plants do not grow in large numbers in the wild, and the over exploitation of the leaves from the plant has caused a further decline over the last few decades. The Keystone Foundation has been trying to promote the conservation of the species by encouraging forest-dependent communities to sustainably harvest the leaves from the circinalis. "We collect the seeds from the wild and raise it at our nursery on the Keystone campus. We then encourage farmers and tribal communities to grow the plants near to their dwellings or land holdings," said Ms. Rehel, who added that the conservation of the species needs to be assured through working with local communities, creating awareness of sustainably harvesting the leaves and ensuring that the plant itself remains healthy. Speaking of their importance, Ms. Rehel said that not only the conservation of the endangered circinalis important to protect the livelihood of tribal communities, but also for biodiversity. She said that the circinalis is an ideal host plant for ants, cupid butterflies and bats, and added that their protection will be a vital aspect of protecting the ecology of the Western Ghats in the long run. Why cycas circinalis faces the threat of extinction?