Which of the following gland/s is/are directly under the neural control of sympathetic nervous system, and are not regulated by any hormone of hypothalamus?
A. Adrenal gland
B. Pineal gland
C. Anterior lobe of pituitary
D. Gonads

Options

A. A only
B. A & B only
C. A & D
D. A, B & D

Answer

To solve the question regarding which gland or glands are directly under the neural control of the sympathetic nervous system and are not regulated by any hormone of the hypothalamus, we can follow these steps:

### Step 1: Understand the Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses during stressful situations. It triggers involuntary responses such as increased heart rate, faster breathing, and the release of certain hormones.

**Hint:** Focus on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in stress responses.

### Step 2: Identify the Glands in Question
We need to analyze the four glands provided in the options:
- **Adrenal Gland**: Known for releasing hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine) during stress, directly influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.
- **Pineal Gland**: Regulates sleep-wake cycles through melatonin but is not primarily controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
- **Anterior Lobe of Pituitary**: Regulates various hormones but is under the control of the hypothalamus.
- **Gonads**: Regulated by hormones from the anterior pituitary (FSH and LH), thus not directly under sympathetic control.

**Hint:** Consider which glands are primarily involved in immediate stress responses.

### Step 3: Determine Which Glands Are Not Regulated by the Hypothalamus
From the analysis:
- The **Adrenal Gland** is directly influenced by the sympathetic nervous system and not regulated by the hypothalamus.
- The **Pineal Gland** is not primarily controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
- The **Anterior Lobe of Pituitary** and **Gonads** are both regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus.

**Hint:** Eliminate options that are known to be regulated by the hypothalamus.

### Step 4: Conclusion
Based on the analysis, the only gland that is directly under the neural control of the sympathetic nervous system and not regulated by any hormone of the hypothalamus is the **Adrenal Gland**.

**Final Answer:** A. Adrenal gland