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When you take cells or tissue pieces and...

When you take cells or tissue pieces and grind them with an acid in a mortar and pestle, all the small biomolecules dissolve in the acid. Proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids are insoluble in mineral acid and get precipitated. The acid soluble compounds include aminoacids, nucleosides, small sugars ets. When one adds a phosphate group to a nucleoside one gets another acid soluble biomolecule calle

A

Nitrogen base

B

Adenine

C

Sugar phosphate

D

Nucleotide

Text Solution

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The correct Answer is:
D
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The principle on conductometric titration is based in the fact that during the titration, one of the ions is replaced by the other and invariably thses two ions differ in the ionic conductivity with the result that the conductivity of the solution varies during the course of the titration.Take,for example,the titration between strong acid, say HCl. and a strong base, say NaOH.Before NaOH is added the conuctance of HCl solution has a high value due ti the persence if highly hydrogen ions.As NaOH is added, H^(+) ions are the replaced by relatively slower moving Na^(+) ions.Consequently, the conductance of the solution decrease and this continues right upto the enuivalence point where the solution contains only NaCL.Beyond the equivalence point if more of NaOH is added, then the solution contains an excess of the fast moving OH^(-) with the result that its as more of NaoH added, we plot the conductance value vs the amount of NaOH added we get curve of the type shown in figure.The descending portion AB represents the conductance before the equivalence point (solution cintains a mixture if acid HCl and the salt NaCL and the ascending portion CD represents the conductances after the equivalence point (solution contains the salt NaCL and the excess of NaOH). The point E which repersents only the minimum conductance is alkali and thus repersents the equivalence point.This point can, however, be obtained by the extrapoltion of the lines AB and CD and therefore one is not very particular in location this point experimentally as it is in the case of ordinary acid -base involving the acid base indicators LET us take the specific exaanple of acetic acid being titration against NaOH.Before the addition the of alkali, the solution shows poor conductance due to feeble inization of acetic acid.Initially the addtion of alkali causes not only the replacement of H^(+) by Na^(+) but also suppresses the thus the conductance of the solution decrease in the begnning .But very soon the conductance starts increasing as addetion NaOH thus causing neutralizes the undissociated HAc to HAc with strong condutance eletroyte Na^(+)Ac^(-) .The increase in conducting OH^(-) ions gtthe graph near the highly equivalence point actual equivalence point can as usual be ontained by the extrapoiation method In all thses graphs it been assumed that the vloume change due addition of solution from burette in negligible heane vloume change of the sloution in beaker the conuctance of which is measured is almost constant throughout the measurement The most appropriate titration curve ibtained when a mixture of a strong acid (say HCl) and a weak acid (say CH_(3) COOH0 is titration with (say NaOH) will be

The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. When 9.0 ml of arsenious sulphide sol and 1.0 ml of 1.0 xx 10^(-4) M BaCl_(2) are mixed, turbidity due to precipitation just appears after 2 hours. The effective ion and its coagulating value are respectively :

Knowledge Check

  • Take a living tissue, grind it in trinchloroacetic acid using pestle and morta, and then strain it, you would obtain two fractions : acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fraction. Acid-insoluble fraction does not contain

    A
    polysaccharides
    B
    nucleic acids
    C
    lipids
    D
    flavonoids and alkaloids.

  • The alpha -hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group is acidic in nature because the carbanion which is left gets resonance stabilished. As a result, these compounds take part in the aldol condensation reactions. The carbanion acts as a nucleophile in these reactions. The compounds in which alpha -hydrogen is not acidic take part in the Cannizzaro's reaction. In this reaction, one molecule of the carbonyl compound under consideration is reduced to primary alcohol while the other is oxidised simutaneously to the carboxylic acid. An organic compound 'A' of the molecular formula C_(5)H_(10)Cl_(2) is hydrolysed to compound 'B' C_(5)H_(10)O which gives an oxime with hydroylamine and yellow precipitate with a mixture of iodine and sodium hydroxide. The compound 'A' should be :

    A
    `CH_(3)CH_(2)C Cl_(2)CH_(2)CH_(3)`
    B
    `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)C Cl_(2)CH_(3)`
    C
    `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)CH_(2)CHCl_(2)`
    D
    `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)CHClCH_(2)Cl`.

  • The alpha -hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group is acidic in nature because the carbanion which is left gets resonance stabilished. As a result, these compounds take part in the aldol condensation reactions. The carbanion acts as a nucleophile in these reactions. The compounds in which alpha -hydrogen is not acidic take part in the Cannizzaro's reaction. In this reaction, one molecule of the carbonyl compound under consideration is reduced to primary alcohol while the other is oxidised simutaneously to the carboxylic acid. Compound A (molecular formula C_(3)H_(8)O ) is treated with acidified dichromate to form a product B (molecular formula C_(3)H_(6)O ). B forms shining silver mirror on warning with ammoniacl silver nitrate. B when treated with an aqueous solution of H_(2)NCOHNH_(2)HCl and sodium acetate gives a product C. The structure of C is :

    A
    `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH = N NHCONH_(2)`
    B
    `(CH_(3))_(2)C=N NHCONH_(2)`
    C
    `(CH_(3))_(2)C = NCONHNH_(2)`
    D
    `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH = NCONHNH_(2)`.

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    The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. How would you obtain a sol of AgI, the particles of which migrate towards cathode under the electric field?

    The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. A gelatin sol at pH less than the isoelectric value is subjected to an electric field. The sol particles migrate toward :

    The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. Under the influence of an electric field, the particles in a sol migrate towards cathode. The coagulation of the same sol is studied using NaCl, Na_(2)SO_(4) and Na_(3)PO_(4) solutions. Their coagulating values will be in the order :

    The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. Which of the following ions would have the minimum coagulating value for sol obtained on peptizing Sn(OH)_(4) by little NaOH solution?

    Read the following statements below. I. All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called ‘biomolecules. II. The ash formed after burning a tissue contains inorganic and organic substances. . III. Beta amino acids are used by the cells to form proteins. . Identify the true and false statements.

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