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What are valence electrons?...

What are valence electrons?

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The electrons in the ultimate (or outermost) and in some cases, penultimate shell of an atom that are responsible for chemical bonding are known as valence electrons.
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Screening effect is the effect produced by intervening electrons between nucleus and valence electrons . They shield the nucleus from valence electron and effective nuclear charge decreases if there is less shielding effect the effective nuclear charge decreases Valence electrons are attracted by nucleus and repelled by other electrons. Net effective force on electrons under consideration = Z-sigma = (Nuclear charge -screening effect ) slaters formula for screening constant. If one electron is present in outermost orbit there will be no screening in that orbital. Each electrons contributes 0.35 (total electrons minus 1) present in outermost shell. In penultimate energy level electrons contribute 0.85. A contribution of 1 is from remaining electrons (present in last but one energy level) The effective nuclear charge for 4s electrons of Zn will be

CHHAYA PUBLICATION-CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-WARM UP EXERCISE
  1. What are valence electrons?

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  2. What do you mean by octet rule and duplet rule? State the significance...

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  3. How will you predict the common valency of an element rom its lewis sy...

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  4. Give the lewis symbols of (i) Br (ii) N (iii) O^(2-) (iv) S^(2-)...

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  5. What do you understand by the term ionic bond? Mention the factors fav...

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  6. How is crytalline NaCl formed from constituent elements?

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  7. The elements belonging to which group(s) of the periodic table combine...

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  8. What do you mean by lattice energy of lattice enthalpy?

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  9. How will you determine the lattice energy of an ionic compound using B...

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  10. Which elements exhibit variable electrovalency and why?

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  11. State the importance of lattice enthalpy.

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  12. What do you mean by coodination number (C.N.)?

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  13. Explain why the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds are much...

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  14. Why the ionic compounds do not exhibit isomerism?

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  15. Which type of ionic compounds exhibit isomorphism?

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  16. What is solvation energy of solvation enthalpy?

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  17. What is the condition for dissolution of an ionic compound in a partic...

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  18. The ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents but isoluble in non-...

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  19. Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity only in solution or molten ...

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  20. If r(+)//r(-) in equal to 0.53, what is the C.N. of the cation?

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