Explain inductive effect with a suitable example.

Explanation

Consider,the molecule `CH_(3)-CH_(2)-CH_(2)-Cl`. There is a `sigma` bond between 'C' atom and 'Cl' atom. The electron pair between them is not equally shared. The more electro `-ve` 'Cl' atom tends to attract the shared pair more towards itself. Due to this, the electron density tends to the greater near the 'Cl' atom than C atom. It is represented as `-C--)Cl`. But carbon atom bounded to chlorine atom is itself attached to ther carbon atoms. Therefore the effect can be transmitted further.

The effect of the 'Cl' atom is to leave `C_(1)` slightly electron deficient. `C_(1)` in turn tries to rectify this by approprlating slightly more than its share of electron of the `sigma` bond joining it to `C_(2)` and this continues down the carbon chain. However, the effect of `C_(1)` on `C_(2)` is less than the effect of Cl on `C_(1)` and the transmission quickly falls down away in a saturated chain and is generally too small to be noticeable beyond `C_(3)`. These influences on the electron distribution in `sigma` bonds are known as inductive effects.
Thus, inductive effect can be defined as ''The electron - donating or electron - with - drawing effect of an atom or group of atoms that is transmitted by the polarisation of electrons in `sigma` bonds''.
Inductive effect is a measure of the ability of substituents to either withdraw or donate electron density of the attaced carbon atom. Based on this ability. The substituents are classified as electron - withdrawing orelectron - donating groups relative to hydrogen. Electron - withdrawing groups are said to exhibit `-ve` inductive effect `(-I)` and electron - donating groups are said to exhibit `+ve` inductive effect `(+I)`.
Inductive effect influences chemical reactivity and physical properties.