A city in north west India is hit by a massive earthquake causing huge loss of property. Life of people has come to a standstill. Government of India announces a compensation to earthquake victims to meet the needs of their food, clothes and shelter.
(a) Is this expenditure included in national income ?
(b) How does it impact life in the city ?
A city in north west India is hit by a massive earthquake causing huge loss of property. Life of people has come to a standstill. Government of India announces a compensation to earthquake victims to meet the needs of their food, clothes and shelter.
(a) Is this expenditure included in national income ?
(b) How does it impact life in the city ?
(a) Is this expenditure included in national income ?
(b) How does it impact life in the city ?
Text Solution
Verified by Experts
(a) This expenditure by the government is not included in national income as it is transfer payment and does not correspond to the flow of goods and services.
(b) Thi expenditure will help the people to get their lives back on track. It will add to their consumption expenditure. Also, if some expenditure is incurred to rebuild their houses, it will add to the capital formation in the city.
(b) Thi expenditure will help the people to get their lives back on track. It will add to their consumption expenditure. Also, if some expenditure is incurred to rebuild their houses, it will add to the capital formation in the city.
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Note-making : Read the following extract carefully and complete the note on 'Earthquake : the enemy of human beings', with its main points and sub-points: There is an enemy beneath our feet. Everyone in the world is threatened by it. The enemy is the earth itself. When an earthquake strikes. the ·world trembles. The power of a quake is greater than anything human beings themselves can produce. But today, scientists are directing a great deal of their efforts into finding some way of combating earthquakes, and it is possible that sometimes in the near future people will have discovered a means of protecting themselves. An earthquake strikes without warning. When it does its power is immense. If it it strikes without a modern city, the damage it causes is as great as is it has struck a positive village. Gas mains burst, explosions are caused and fires are started. Underground railways are wrecked. The whole buildings collapse, bridges fall, dams burst. If the quake strikes at sea huge tidal waves sweep inland. If it strikes in the mountain regions, avalanches roar down into the valley. The scientists are dealing with forces. All that can be done is to try to pinpoint just where the earthquake will strike and work from there. At least, some precautionary measures can be taken to save lives and some of the properties. Earthquake : The great enemy of human beings. Damages caused by earthquake (i) In a ctiy (a) gas mains burst (b) ............................ (c ) ............................ (d) ............................ (e ) bridges fall (ii) On the sea (a) ............................
The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. The Tsunami emphasized the
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The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. One of the nations that Tsunami of 2004 struck was
The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. One of the nations that Tsunami of 2004 struck was
A
Malaysia
B
Nepal
C
Bhutan
D
Myanmar
The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. The total death toll after the tsunami was
The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. The total death toll after the tsunami was
A
170000
B
300000
C
38000
D
5000
The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. Many parts of submerged under water.
The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. Many parts of submerged under water.
A
southern tip of Car Nicobar
B
parts of Andaman and Nicobar Island
C
coastal parts of Kerala
D
coastal part of Andhra Pradesh
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The term 'tsunami' is a Japanese word meaning harbour wave. It is a natural phenomenon consisting of a series of large waves generated when water in a lake or the sea is rapidly displaced in a massive scale. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions -all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Early morning on December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale off the coast of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean triggered a series of lethal tsunamis. They struck the shores of Indian Ocean nations like Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, India, Bangladesh and the Maldives and created unprecedented devastation. Even the far flung countries like Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa were not spared. This is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history and is considered the worst natural calamity the earth has ever witnessed. The tsunami fury left trails of death and destruction all around, killing nearly 3,00,000 people and leaving millions homeless and missing. Many people became maimed for life. The death toll was more than 1,70,000 in Indonesia alone, 38,000 in Sri Lanka and nearly 5.000 in Thailand. Most of the dead were locals, but hundreds of vacationing foreigners also perished, mostly in Phuket in Thailand. In India about 19,000 people lost their lives. In some places the waves were as high as fifty to sixty feet. In many places villages were wiped out, boats and vehicles thrown up on trees. An Indian Air Force base in Car Nicobar was completely devastated and 100 airmen were killed. Many parts of South Car Nicobar Island went fully under water. Many coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala also suffered a lot. The Tsunami underlines the need for having a global tsunami monitoring system which at present is not there. In countries like Japan, some measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused in the shores by building high tsunami walls in front of coastal areas. While science has conquered nature in many ways, the Tsunami of 2004 proves that nature is supreme in this linequal battle. The meaning of tsunami
In India, innovation is emerging as one of the most important rubrics in the discourse on how to bring about greater and more consistent economic and social development. One observes steadily growing investments in R & D accross the country, the setting up of national and state innovation bodies, as well as the introduction of government sponsored innovation funds. There have also been several conferences and debates on innovation and how to best promote and accomplish it in India, and a number of articles on the subject, written for newspapers and magazines, as well as more informal platforms like online forums and biogs. Academic engagement and Indian authqrship on the subject have also exploded in the last five years. Despite widespread agreement on the importance of innovation in India, there are wide gulfs between different conceptions of innovation and the path India should take towards securing benefits through investments in innovation. Many Indian conversations around innovation begin. by talking about jugaad, that uniquely Indian approach to a temporary fix when something complex, like an automobile or a steam engine stops working. However, many observers· have . pointed out that while jugaad is certainly innovative, it is a response to the lack of an innovation culture-more a survival or coping mechanism at a time of need than a systematic methodology to effectively address a wide-ranging, complex set of problems. Another specifically Indian approach to innovation that has entered into wide currency of late is so-called 'frugal innovation' deemed by many to be the most appropriate for the Indian context. ln its midterm assessment of the 11th five-year plan, the planning commission stressed the need for innovation in India in order to 'accelerate its growth and to make growth more inclusive as well as environmentally sustainable.'The document went on to say that 'India needs more frugal innovation that produces more frugal cost products and services that are affordable by people at low levels of incomes without compromising the safety, efficiency, and utility of the products. The country also needs processes of innovation that are frugal in the resources required to produce the innovations. The products and processes must also have frugal impact on the earth's resources.' Two people formulated a similar theory called the More-from Less for M0re (MLM theory of innovation) theory of innovation, which advocates a focus on innovations that allow for more production using fewer resources but benefit more people. Under this rubric come products that are more affordable versions of existing technologies. While both frugal innovation and the MLM theory are certainly valuable in terms of bringing affordable products and services to a greater number of people, and may even be considered a necessary first step on India's innovation path, they barely graze the surface of what innovation can accomplish. That is, innovation is capable of bringing about complete paradigm shifts and redefining the way we perceive and interact with the world. Take the cell phone, for example : it revolutionized communication in a previously inconceivable way, provided consumers with a product. of unprecedented value and created on entirely new market. The cell phone was a result of years of directed, international innovation efforts and large investments, and would not have ever been created if the people responsible simply set out to make the existing telephone cheaper and more accessible to all. While jugaad and frugal innovation may be indicative of the Indian potential for innovativeness,this potential is not utilised or given opportunity to flourish due to the lack of an enabling culture. India's many diverse and complex needs can be met only through systematic innovation, and major shifts have to first take place-in our educational institutions, government policies and commercial firms in order for such an innovation enabling culture to come about. The one thing that India's innovation theorists have not said is that the absence ofa culture of innovation is intrinsically linked to many of the most intractable problems facing India as a nation. These include poor delivery of government services, inadequate systems of personal identification and the absence of widely available financial services for rural poor, health and sanitation failures. This list can go on. Cumulatively, the inability of India as a nation, society and economy to adequately provide for its own population no longer reflects a failure ofimplementation, but rather of a failure ofinnovation, for there are not immediately- available off the shelf solutions that would make it possible for these grand challenges facing India to be redressed. Rather, we need to look at these intractable problems from the more sophisticated and empowering lens of innovation, for them to being to be solved. Which of the following is/are true about the cell phone? (A) The innovation of the cell phone required investment of huge capital. (B) The cell phone, when invented was meant to be affordable to all. (C) The cell phone was made available to the public in a very short time from its ideation
A passage is given withfive questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each, question out o f the givenfour alternatives. The Ganges isone of thelargest rivers in Asia. Itrisesinthe Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India.s holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India.s overall population, live in the Ganges river plains. There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe thatbathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges. The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at atremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India.s holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area. The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals. Because of India.s lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India.s traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years. This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhoea. While India.s population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even morepeople. Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants. Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River. From which of the following neighbouring countries the Ganga flow through India into Bay of Bengal?
The Ganges isone of thelargest rivers in Asia. Itrisesinthe Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India.s holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India.s overall population, live in the Ganges river plains. There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe thatbathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges. The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at atremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India.s holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area. The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals. Because of India.s lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India.s traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years. This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhoea. While India.s population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even morepeople. Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants. Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River. How many p eople (in million) clean their sins away in the Ganga River?
A passage is given withfive questions following it. Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each, question out o f the givenfour alternatives. The Ganges isone of thelargest rivers in Asia. Itrisesinthe Himalaya Mountains and flows over 2,500 km through India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal. However, the Ganges, India.s holy river, is also one of the most polluted in the world. The Ganges River basin has a size of over 1 million square km. It lies in one of the most populous regions on earth. About 500 million people, half of India.s overall population, live in the Ganges river plains. There are many causes of Ganges river pollution. About 2 million Hindus bathe in the river every day. During religious ceremonies, up to a hundred million people clean their sins away in the Ganges River. They believe thatbathing in the river will make them pure. In addition, thousands of bodies are cremated near the river, especially around the holy city, Varanasi. The ashes are often released into Ganges. The Ganges also provides water for farming land, which is increasing at atremendous rate. Irrigation projects cause water levels to go down along the river. More and more dams are being erected along India.s holy river, mainly to produce energy for Delhi and other large cities in the area. The river flows through 30 cities with a population of over 100,000 each. Every day, 3 billion litres of untreated water from these big cities pass into the Ganges River, along with remains of animals. Because of India.s lax environmental regulations, industries along the river release chemicals and other poisonous material into the Ganges. In some places they are a thousand times over the allowed limit. Especially India.s traditional leather industry needs great amounts of water. In addition, fertilizers from the fields find their way into the ground water, and ultimately flow into the river. Altogether, the amount of industrial pollution has doubled in the past 20 years. This widespread pollution of the Ganges River has also led to major health problems. Many diseases are common, including cholera, hepatitis and diarrhoea. While India.s population keeps growing, more and more people are leaving the countryside and moving to big cities along the Ganges. As a result, the river will not be able to cope with even morepeople. Life in the river is also at risk. Recent reports have shown that there is a high level of mercury in some fish. The construction of dams is destroying forests and vegetation, killing off many animal and plants. Indian authorities are fighting an upward battle towards cleaning up the Ganges River. International organizations have offered help. The World Bank has agreed to give India a loan of up to a billion dollars to clean up the Ganges River. According to the passage, which disease is not common due to the widespread pollution of the Ganga River?
RADHA BHUGANA-MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME : METHODS OF CALCULATING NATIONAL INCOME-Value based Questions
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