. Explain in brief the separation and isolation of DNA fragments.

Explanation

Process of genetic engineering :
(a) Isolation of genetic material (DNA) : In recombinant DNA technology , it is essentail to isolate DNA in pure form free from other macro molecule is enclosed with the membrane in the cell. We have to break open the cell to refease DNA along with other marcomolecules like RNA , proteins , polysaccharides and lipids . This is carried out in bacteria cells , plant , and animal cells with certain enzymes.
The other macro molecules can be removed by apporpriate treatment with specific enzymes . Finally the purified DNA molecules are precipiatated out after the addition pf chilled ethanpl and this can be seen as collection of fine threads in the supspension.
(b) Cutting of DNA at specific locations : the isolated purified DNA molecules in cut (cleaved) with the help of a suitable emzyme called restriction endonuclease, into segments with stickly ends.
Gel electropharesis : The cut DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis using agarose gel DNA is a negatively charged molecule , hence it moves towards the positive electrode ( anode).