How the DNA is packed in an eukaryotic cell ?

Explanation

In eukaryotes, organization is more complex. Chromatin is formed by a series of repeat1ng units called nucleosomes. Kornberg proposed a model for the nucleosome, in which 2 molecules of the four histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are organized to form a unit of eight molecules called histone octamere. The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamere to form a structure called nucleosome. A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix. The histone octameres are in close contact and DNA is coiled on the outside of nucleosome. Neighbouring nucleosomes are connected by linker DNA (H1) that is exposed to enzymes. The DNA makes two complete turns around the histone octameres and the two turns are sealed off by an Hl molecule. Chromatin lacking H1 has a beads-on-a-string appearance in which DNA enters and leaves the nucleosomes at random places. Hl of one nucleosome can interact with HI of the neighbouring nucleosomes resulting in the further folding of the fibre. The chromatin fiber in interphase nuclei and mitotic chromosomes have a diameter that vary between 200-300 nm and represents inactive chromatin. 30 nm fibre arises from the folding of nucleosome, chains into a solenoid structure having six nucleosomes per turn. This structure is stabilized by interaction between different Hl molecules. DNA is a solenoid and packed about 40 folds. The hierarchical nature of chromosome structure is illustrated. Additional set of proteins are required for packing of chromatin at higher level and are referred to as non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHC).
In a typical nucleus, some regions of chromatin are loosely packed (lightly stained) and are referred to as euchromatin. The chromatin that is tightly packed (stained darkly) is called heterochromatin. Euchromatin is transcriptionally active and heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive.