Home
Class 12
CHEMISTRY
After the reactio is over between adsorb...

After the reactio is over between adsorbed reactants, it is important to create space for the other reactant molecules to approach the surface and react. The process responsible for this is known as

A

sorption

B

desorption

C

physisorption

D

chemisorption

Text Solution

AI Generated Solution

The correct Answer is:
To solve the question, we need to identify the process that occurs after the reaction between adsorbed reactants, which allows space for other reactant molecules to approach the surface and react. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding Adsorption and Reaction**: - Adsorption is the process where molecules adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid (adsorbent). - When reactants are adsorbed onto a surface, they can react to form products. 2. **Identifying the Need for Space**: - After the reaction between the adsorbed reactants is complete, the products formed need to be removed from the surface to allow new reactant molecules to adsorb and react. 3. **Defining the Process**: - The process that allows the products to detach from the surface is crucial for continuous reactions. This process is known as desorption. 4. **Contrasting with Adsorption**: - Desorption is the reverse of adsorption. While adsorption involves the attachment of molecules to a surface, desorption involves the release of those molecules from the surface. 5. **Conclusion**: - Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that the process responsible for creating space for other reactant molecules after the reaction is known as **desorption**. ### Final Answer: The process responsible for creating space for other reactant molecules to approach the surface and react is known as **desorption**. ---
To solve the question, we need to identify the process that occurs after the reaction between adsorbed reactants, which allows space for other reactant molecules to approach the surface and react. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding Adsorption and Reaction**: - Adsorption is the process where molecules adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid (adsorbent). - When reactants are adsorbed onto a surface, they can react to form products. ...
Doubtnut Promotions Banner Mobile Dark
|

Topper's Solved these Questions

  • SURFACE CHEMISTRY

    NCERT FINGERTIPS ENGLISH|Exercise HOTS|7 Videos

  • SURFACE CHEMISTRY

    NCERT FINGERTIPS ENGLISH|Exercise NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS|25 Videos

  • SOLUTIONS

    NCERT FINGERTIPS ENGLISH|Exercise Assertion And Reason|15 Videos

  • THE D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS

    NCERT FINGERTIPS ENGLISH|Exercise Assertion And Reason|15 Videos

Similar Questions

Explore conceptually related problems

Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. as used in line 13, the word "integrity" most closely means

Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. which option gives the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

Knowledge Check

  • Which of the following factors are responsible for the increase in the rate of a surface catalysed reaction? (i) A catalyst provides proper orientation for the reactant molecules to react. (ii) heat of adsorption of reactants on a catalyst helps reactant molecules to overcome activation energy. (iii) The catalyst increases the activation energy of the reactio.

    A
    (i) and (iii)
    B
    (i) and (ii)
    C
    (ii) and (iii)
    D
    (i),(ii) and (iii)

  • Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. according to the passage, what property of surfactants is most responsible for their sidespred human applications?

    A
    they are produced by microbes
    B
    the are amphiphilic
    C
    they are an emulsion
    D
    their saponification

  • Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. the author most likely uses the phrase "oil and water do not mix" in line 6 to

    A
    explain the process in which two immiscible substances are emulsified
    B
    imply that most laypeople cannot understand the topic of this article.
    C
    show that substances that do not have triglycerides cannot usdergo saponification
    D
    connect the esoteric analysis to a commonly understood phenomenon.

    • Similar Questions

    Explore conceptually related problems

    Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. it can most reasonably be inferred from the passage that the relative amounts of these man-made surfactants are currently what, from least to greatest?

    Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. the author's overall description of soaps and detergents is that they are

    Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. which option gives the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

    Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. as used in line 53, the word "settled" most closely means

    Surfactants while significant structural and functional differences exist between the various classes, a surfactant, simply put, describes any compound capable of reducing the surface tension between a liquid and one other substance. Surface tension, one will recall, refers to the tendency of liquid molecules to coalesce with one another, thus minimizing their collective surface area. This phenomenon is the physical principle underlying familiar adage, "oil and water do not mix." Phrased more precisely, oils, which contain primarily nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds, are immiscible with aqueous solutions, meaning they will not spontaneously dissolve in water, which consists of highly polar hydrogen-oxygen bonds. Instead, oils willtend to form a film over polar solvents, while surface tension serves to stabilize this film at the oil-water interface. Because they are amphiphilic-meaning they possess both polar and nonpolar domains-surfactants may interact with both components of this interface, and interfere with the electrochemical forces that maintain its integrity. Due to this unique property, surface tension lowering agents have found a host of applications in diverse commercial products, and are used in particular as emulsifiers, foaming agents, and detergents. An emulsion is merely a mixture of two normally immiscible liquids. The word emulsion derives from a Latin root meaning "to milk," and, as an easily homogenized mixture of fats within an aqueous solution of sugars, proteins, and minerals, milk itself is a quintessential example of an emulsion. Moreover, without the surfactant activity of the complex lipids it contains, the fat globules dispersed throughout a given volume of milk would coalesce into a film on its surface. Similarly, the surfactants found in foaming agents decrease the tendency of soap bubbles to coalesce, and are responsible for the lathering effect found in many hygiene products such as toothpaste and shampoo. Soap itself, interestingly enough, can also be considered a surfactant. Principally, soap is a salt consisting of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged fatty acid. Importantly, the structure of an ionized fatty acid includes a nonpolar hydrocarbon "tail," and a polar, carboxyl "head." The polar head allows the fatty acid to partially dissolve in water, while the nonpolar tail facilitates its interaction with other nonpolar compounds, such as oils. Thus, by interrupting surface tension, soap allows oil to be washed away with water. At the risk of oversimplifying, soaps are created by exposing triglycerides gathered from either plant or animal sources to a strong base in a process called saponification. The base hydrolyzes triglycerides to form glycerol and amphipathic free fatty acids, The glycerol, in turn, is removed, and the fatty acids are complexed with sodium. While the words soap and detergent are sometimes used interchangeably in common parlance, one should note that detergents are not synthesized by saponification. Structurally, detergents differ from soaps only in the composition of their polar heads. That is, whereas soaps contain an ionized carboxyl group, detergents contain an ionized sulfonate. The significance of this alteration is twofold. First, detergent compounds are far less prone to precipitate and become ineffective in hard water. Hard water, of course, refers to water that is rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium as a result of exposure to limestone, and it is present in an estimated 80% of American households. Second, the sulfonate component of detergents makes their degradation products far more toxic to the environment than those of soaps. Owing both to their low cost of production and to their impressive utility, detergents are produced and sold on a scale that dwarfs all other commercially synthesized surfactants. Not surprisingly, this has become a cause of growing concern with regard to the potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems, as well as on human health, as exposure to detergent derivatives has been convincingly implicated in several endocrine and reproductive disorders. Though this controversy is heated, complex, and unlikely to be settled in the fore seeable future, it has also sparked significant support for a fascinating field of biotechnology that deals with the surfactants produced endogenously by living organisms, and particularly those produced by microbes. With regard to their structure, these so-called "biosurfactants" are highly distinct from both soaps and detergents, and yet several promising preliminary studies have shown them to be functionally viable alternatives to more conventional cleaning products. The advantage lies in the high biodegradability and biologically benign character of biosurfactants. The obstacle, of course, lies in the nightmarish logistics of isolating them on a large, industrial scale. The graph illustrates changes in surface tension over time in milliseconds (ms) for soap bubbles made with varying concentrations of surfactant. The time label on the x-axis is exponential and is compressed as the values increased. based on the information in the graph, if soap bubbles (like the ones measured in the graph) with a concentration of 8.5% surfactant were measured 10ms after their creation, the surface tension in mn/m would be closest to

    Home
    Profile