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The decreaing order of the rate of nirat...

The decreaing order of the rate of niration of the following compounds is
I. Benzene, II. `C_(6)D_(6)`
III. Nitrobenzene, IV Chlorobenzene

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To determine the decreasing order of the rate of nitration of the compounds given (Benzene, C₆D₆, Nitrobenzene, and Chlorobenzene), we need to analyze the effects of substituents on the aromatic ring and how they influence the rate of electrophilic substitution reactions, specifically nitration. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding Nitration**: - Nitration is an electrophilic substitution reaction where a nitro group (NO₂) is introduced into the aromatic ring. The reagents typically used are concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). 2. **Identifying the Compounds**: - I. Benzene (C₆H₆) - II. C₆D₆ (Deuterated benzene) - III. Nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂) - IV. Chlorobenzene (C₆H₅Cl) 3. **Effect of Substituents**: - **Benzene and C₆D₆**: Both have no substituents and thus will have the same rate of nitration. There is no kinetic isotope effect between hydrogen and deuterium in this context. - **Nitrobenzene**: The nitro group (NO₂) is a strong electron-withdrawing group (EWG) that significantly deactivates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Therefore, it will have the lowest rate of nitration. - **Chlorobenzene**: The chlorine atom (Cl) has both -I (inductive effect) and +M (mesomeric effect) characteristics. However, the -I effect dominates, making chlorobenzene a deactivator as well, but not as strong as the nitro group. 4. **Comparing Rates**: - Since both benzene and C₆D₆ are unactivated, they will react at the same rate. - Nitrobenzene is the least reactive due to the strong deactivating effect of the nitro group. - Chlorobenzene is less reactive than benzene but more reactive than nitrobenzene. 5. **Final Order**: - The decreasing order of the rate of nitration is: 1. Benzene (C₆H₆) / C₆D₆ 2. Chlorobenzene (C₆H₅Cl) 3. Nitrobenzene (C₆H₅NO₂) Thus, the final answer is: **Benzene = C₆D₆ > Chlorobenzene > Nitrobenzene**
To determine the decreasing order of the rate of nitration of the compounds given (Benzene, C₆D₆, Nitrobenzene, and Chlorobenzene), we need to analyze the effects of substituents on the aromatic ring and how they influence the rate of electrophilic substitution reactions, specifically nitration. ### Step-by-Step Solution: 1. **Understanding Nitration**: - Nitration is an electrophilic substitution reaction where a nitro group (NO₂) is introduced into the aromatic ring. The reagents typically used are concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). 2. **Identifying the Compounds**: ...
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