A : Nitration of benzoic acid gives ortho and para derivatives of nitrobenzoic acids.
R : Carboxyl group is activating group.

Options

A. If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1).
B. If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2).
C. If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3).
D. If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4).

Answer

To solve the question, we need to analyze both the assertion (A) and the reason (R) provided.

### Step 1: Analyze the Assertion (A)
The assertion states that "Nitration of benzoic acid gives ortho and para derivatives of nitrobenzoic acids."

- **Understanding Nitration**: Nitration involves the introduction of a nitro group (NO2) into the benzene ring. The typical reagents for nitration are concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
- **Position of Substitution**: The carboxyl group (COOH) is a substituent on the benzene ring. It is known to have a deactivating effect and directs electrophilic substitution to the meta position rather than the ortho or para positions.
- **Conclusion**: Therefore, the assertion is **false** because nitration of benzoic acid primarily yields meta-nitrobenzoic acid, not ortho or para derivatives.

### Step 2: Analyze the Reason (R)
The reason states that "Carboxyl group is an activating group."

- **Understanding Activating vs. Deactivating Groups**: Activating groups increase the electron density on the benzene ring, making it more reactive towards electrophilic substitution. In contrast, deactivating groups reduce the electron density and make the ring less reactive.
- **Effect of the Carboxyl Group**: The carboxyl group (COOH) exhibits a -M (minus mesomeric) effect, which pulls electron density away from the benzene ring. This decreases the overall electron density and makes the ring less reactive towards electrophilic substitution.
- **Conclusion**: Therefore, the reason is also **false** because the carboxyl group is a deactivating group, not an activating group.

### Step 3: Final Conclusion
Since both the assertion and the reason are false, the correct answer is option 4, which states that both the assertion and reason are false.

### Summary of the Solution
- Assertion (A) is false: Nitration of benzoic acid gives primarily meta derivatives, not ortho and para.
- Reason (R) is false: The carboxyl group is a deactivating group, not activating.