Dr. Johnson has discovered an amazing species of yeast that can grow on high quantity chocolate bars. He discovered a particular species when chocolate was not available, a diploid cell (2n = 32) can divide by meiosis producing four haploid spores and the same cell undergoes mitosis, how many chromo- somes will each resulting cell contain?
Dr. Johnson has discovered an amazing species of yeast that can grow on high quantity chocolate bars. He discovered a particular species when chocolate was not available, a diploid cell (2n = 32) can divide by meiosis producing four haploid spores and the same cell undergoes mitosis, how many chromo- somes will each resulting cell contain?
A
16 and 8
B
8 and 32
C
32 and 16
D
16 and 32
Text Solution
AI Generated Solution
The correct Answer is:
To solve the question, we need to understand the concepts of meiosis and mitosis, particularly in relation to the chromosome number of the cells involved.
### Step-by-Step Solution:
1. **Identify the Chromosome Number of the Parent Cell**:
The problem states that the diploid cell has a chromosome number of 2n = 32. This means that the total number of chromosomes in the diploid cell is 32.
2. **Understanding Mitosis**:
Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This means that if the parent cell is diploid (2n), the daughter cells will also be diploid.
3. **Calculate the Chromosome Number After Mitosis**:
Since the parent cell is diploid (2n = 32), after undergoing mitosis, each of the two resulting daughter cells will also have the same diploid number of chromosomes. Therefore, each daughter cell will also contain 32 chromosomes.
4. **Conclusion**:
Thus, after the diploid cell undergoes mitosis, each resulting daughter cell will contain 32 chromosomes.
### Final Answer:
Each resulting cell will contain **32 chromosomes**.
---
To solve the question, we need to understand the concepts of meiosis and mitosis, particularly in relation to the chromosome number of the cells involved.
### Step-by-Step Solution:
1. **Identify the Chromosome Number of the Parent Cell**:
The problem states that the diploid cell has a chromosome number of 2n = 32. This means that the total number of chromosomes in the diploid cell is 32.
2. **Understanding Mitosis**:
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Prior to meiosis, DNA replication occurs, so each chromosome contains two sister chromatids that are identical to the original chromosome. Meiosis is divided into two nuclear divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Each of these nuclear divisions shares many aspects of mitosis and can be divided into the same phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, however, between the two divisions, DNA replication does not occur. Through this process, one diploid cell will divide into four haploid cells. During meiosis I. the pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated from each other. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes line up together. During this time, crossing over canoccur(theexchangeofDNA betweenhomologous chromosomes). Crossing-over increases the new allele combinations in the gametes. Without crossing-over, the offspring would always inherit all of the many alleles on one of the homologous chromosomes. (An allele is an alternative form of a gene which is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.) Because of crossing-over, the alleles on the homologous chromosomes can be scrambled to pass on unique combinations of alleles on the chromosome. Also, during prophase I. the spindle forms and the chromosomes condense as they coil up tightly. The spindle has the same function as in mitosis. How many haploid cells will result from one diploid cell after it has undergone meiosis?
Prior to meiosis, DNA replication occurs, so each chromosome contains two sister chromatids that are identical to the original chromosome. Meiosis is divided into two nuclear divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Each of these nuclear divisions shares many aspects of mitosis and can be divided into the same phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, however, between the two divisions, DNA replication does not occur. Through this process, one diploid cell will divide into four haploid cells. During meiosis I. the pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated from each other. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes line up together. During this time, crossing over canoccur(theexchangeofDNA betweenhomologous chromosomes). Crossing-over increases the new allele combinations in the gametes. Without crossing-over, the offspring would always inherit all of the many alleles on one of the homologous chromosomes. (An allele is an alternative form of a gene which is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.) Because of crossing-over, the alleles on the homologous chromosomes can be scrambled to pass on unique combinations of alleles on the chromosome. Also, during prophase I. the spindle forms and the chromosomes condense as they coil up tightly. The spindle has the same function as in mitosis. Briefly describe the similarities between the meiosis and mitosis processes.
Knowledge Check
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : According to the passage, for how long had the study on the animal been conducted ?
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : According to the passage, for how long had the study on the animal been conducted ?
A
Not mentioned in the passage
B
3 years
C
30 years
D
20 years
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : How did the team study and know more about the rodents ?
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : How did the team study and know more about the rodents ?
A
The volunteers wore different shirts when they appeared before them
B
They hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded the sounds
C
The scientist played back some of the recorded sounds
D
They placed secret cameras at strategic sounds
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : In the passage, the writer say that these animals were "dubbed dogs" because they:
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : In the passage, the writer say that these animals were "dubbed dogs" because they:
A
lived in the prairie dog villages
B
barked like a dog
C
were as intelligent as dogs
D
looked like canines
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Prior to meiosis, DNA replication occurs, so each chromosome contains two sister chromatids that are identical to the original chromosome. Meiosis is divided into two nuclear divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Each of these nuclear divisions shares many aspects of mitosis and can be divided into the same phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, however, between the two divisions, DNA replication does not occur. Through this process, one diploid cell will divide into four haploid cells. During meiosis I. the pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated from each other. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes line up together. During this time, crossing over canoccur(theexchangeofDNA betweenhomologous chromosomes). Crossing-over increases the new allele combinations in the gametes. Without crossing-over, the offspring would always inherit all of the many alleles on one of the homologous chromosomes. (An allele is an alternative form of a gene which is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.) Because of crossing-over, the alleles on the homologous chromosomes can be scrambled to pass on unique combinations of alleles on the chromosome. Also, during prophase I. the spindle forms and the chromosomes condense as they coil up tightly. The spindle has the same function as in mitosis. During prophase I, a unique process occurs. Provide the name and brief definition of this process.
Prior to meiosis, DNA replication occurs, so each chromosome contains two sister chromatids that are identical to the original chromosome. Meiosis is divided into two nuclear divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. Each of these nuclear divisions shares many aspects of mitosis and can be divided into the same phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, however, between the two divisions, DNA replication does not occur. Through this process, one diploid cell will divide into four haploid cells. During meiosis I. the pairs of homologous chromosomes are separated from each other. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes line up together. During this time, crossing over canoccur(theexchangeofDNA betweenhomologous chromosomes). Crossing-over increases the new allele combinations in the gametes. Without crossing-over, the offspring would always inherit all of the many alleles on one of the homologous chromosomes. (An allele is an alternative form of a gene which is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.) Because of crossing-over, the alleles on the homologous chromosomes can be scrambled to pass on unique combinations of alleles on the chromosome. Also, during prophase I. the spindle forms and the chromosomes condense as they coil up tightly. The spindle has the same function as in mitosis. What are the advantages of that process?
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : A suitable title for the passage could be :
Read the passage carefully and answer the question given below: Who would have thought that every squeal, squeak and chirp that comes out of the mouth of the humble Gunnison Prairie dog means something ? A three-decade study of these rodents has revealed a language so complex, that is surpasses the communication skills of dolphins, whales and even non-human primates like monkeys! The stunning findings were revealed by Professor Con Slobodchikoff, who has been recording The smart little rodents use their words to identify not only who the predator is, i.e. a coyote , human , dog, or a particular kind of bird, but also details like their shape, size color and even the pace at which they are approaching. To conduct his research, the professor and a number of students from Northern Arizona University, hid inside the prairie dog villages and recorded all the sounds they made. What the team discovered is that these smart creatures are able alert their entire group of many details, (the predator, its color, location, etc.) by sounding just one single 'word'. They do that by modulating or varying the pitch of their voice. What was also interesting is how the animals responded to each kind of predator. In the case of a coyote, they quickly scampered into their burrows, while for badgers, they simply laid low, to avoid being spotted. To test their theories, the scientist played back some of the recorded sounds, as well as, asked four volunteers to walk into the prairie village, wearing a different coloured shirt each time, the rodents reacted exactly the same way they had in the presence of the real predator, confirming that the animal had not only conveyed that the predator was a human, but also, whether he // she was fat // thin and the color of the shirt ! Simple fascinating! While dubbed dogs, thanks to their canine-like barks, Prairie dogs are actually ground dwelling squirrels and part of the rodent family, which includes not only rats and mice, but also, porcupines and beavers. The Gunnison, found primarily in North America, is one of five species that is alive today. By Meera Dolasia Question : Which one of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage ?
Read the passage given below and answer the question: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine, the sugar, ribose, and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose. The phosphate tail of ATP is the actual power source which the cell taps. Available energy is contained in the bonds between the phosphates and is released when they are broken, which occurs through the addition of a water molecule (a process called hydrolysis). Usually only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy, when this occurs ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the form of the nucleotide having only two phosphates. The importance of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the main source of chemical energy in living matter and its involvement in cellular processes has long been recognized. The primary mechanism whereby higher organisms, including humans, generate ATP is through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. For the majority of organs, the main metabolic fuel is glucose, which in the presence of oxygen undergoes complete combustion to CO_2 and H_2O : C_6H_(12)O_6 + 6O_2 rarr 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + "energy" The free energy (AG) liberated in this exergonic (AG is negative) reaction is partially trapped as ATP in two consecutive processes: glycolysis (cytosol) and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondria). The first produces 2 mol of ATP per mol of glucose, and the second 36 mol of ATP per mol of glucose. Thus, oxidative phosphorylation yields 17-18 times as much useful energy in the form of ATP as can be obtained from the same amount of glucose by glycolysis alone. The efficiency of glucose metabolism is the ratio of amount of energy produced when 1 mol of glucose oxidised in cell to the enthalpy of combustion of glucose. The energy lost in the process is in the form of heat. This heat is responsible for keeping us warm. (source: Erecińska, M., & Silver, 1. A. (1989). ATP and Brain Function. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 9(1), 2-19. "https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm." 1989.2 and "https://www.britannica.com/science/adenosine-triphosphate" ) What is the efficiency of glucose metabolism if 1 mole of glucose gives 38ATP energy?(Given: The enthalpy of combustion of glucose is 686 kcal, 1ATP= 7.3kcal)
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