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Diagram is showing chemical structure of...

Diagram is showing chemical structure of Morphine, which is a natural opiate like codeine. Morphine is a strong analgesic, also has sedative & calming effect. It depresses respiratory centre, BP, heart beat. Constipation is a prominant feature of morphine action. How many ester linkages are present in a morphine moleucle ?

A

2

B

3

C

4

D

Absent

Text Solution

Verified by Experts

The correct Answer is:
A
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Narcotics are chemical substances which produce sleep and unconsciousness. Morphine diacetate is most widely used analgesic . How many double bond equivalents are present in morphine diacetate ?

Passage-2 The chemicals used to treat diseases and to reduce the suffering from pain are known as drugs or medicines. The chemicals used in chemotherapy are classified according to their action. For example antipyretics are medicines used to lower the body temperature in high fever. The examples of antipyretics are para ethoxy acetamide and analgin. Analgesics are medicines which relieve pain. They are of two types. (i) Narcotics are medicines which relieve pain by producing sleep and unconsciousness. They are morphine, morphine diacetate (heroin) and codeine. They are habit forming (ii) Non narcotic analgesics are not habit forming and do not usually induce sleep. They are aspirin, brufen and butazolidine. Antiseptics are medicines which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms Antiseptics are also used to reduce odours arising out of bacterial decomposition on the surface of the body. They are 2% solution of phenol, dettol (a solution of terpincol and chloro-xylenol) savlon, bithional etc. Disinfectants are medicines which kill the microorganisms but are not safe for application to living tissues. Tranquillizers are medicines used to relieve mental tension and an anxiety. They act on the nervous system and induce sleep. They may antidepressants (to elevate mood) such as methedrine and vitalin, sedatives (relieve mental agitation and violence) such as diazopam, seconal, luminal and equanil. Antibiotics are medicines produced by micro-organisms such as fungi, bacteria and moulds and are used to kill other microorganisms. They are penicillin (Treat sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia), streptomycin (active against tuberclosis, chloramphenicol treat typhoid, acute fever, urinary infection. The drug mathedrine belongs to the class of:

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  • Passage-2 The chemicals used to treat diseases and to reduce the suffering from pain are known as drugs or medicines. The chemicals used in chemotherapy are classified according to their action. For example antipyretics are medicines used to lower the body temperature in high fever. The examples of antipyretics are para ethoxy acetamide and analgin. Analgesics are medicines which relieve pain. They are of two types. (i) Narcotics are medicines which relieve pain by producing sleep and unconsciousness. They are morphine, morphine diacetate (heroin) and codeine. They are habit forming (ii) Non narcotic analgesics are not habit forming and do not usually induce sleep. They are aspirin, brufen and butazolidine. Antiseptics are medicines which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms Antiseptics are also used to reduce odours arising out of bacterial decomposition on the surface of the body. They are 2% solution of phenol, dettol (a solution of terpincol and chloro-xylenol) savlon, bithional etc. Disinfectants are medicines which kill the microorganisms but are not safe for application to living tissues. Tranquillizers are medicines used to relieve mental tension and an anxiety. They act on the nervous system and induce sleep. They may antidepressants (to elevate mood) such as methedrine and vitalin, sedatives (relieve mental agitation and violence) such as diazopam, seconal, luminal and equanil. Antibiotics are medicines produced by micro-organisms such as fungi, bacteria and moulds and are used to kill other microorganisms. They are penicillin (Treat sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia), streptomycin (active against tuberclosis, chloramphenicol treat typhoid, acute fever, urinary infection. Antiseptic action of dettol is due to :

    A
    Cyclohexanol
    B
    Chloroxylenol
    C
    Chloramphenicol
    D
    None of these

  • Passage-2 The chemicals used to treat diseases and to reduce the suffering from pain are known as drugs or medicines. The chemicals used in chemotherapy are classified according to their action. For example antipyretics are medicines used to lower the body temperature in high fever. The examples of antipyretics are para ethoxy acetamide and analgin. Analgesics are medicines which relieve pain. They are of two types. (i) Narcotics are medicines which relieve pain by producing sleep and unconsciousness. They are morphine, morphine diacetate (heroin) and codeine. They are habit forming (ii) Non narcotic analgesics are not habit forming and do not usually induce sleep. They are aspirin, brufen and butazolidine. Antiseptics are medicines which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms Antiseptics are also used to reduce odours arising out of bacterial decomposition on the surface of the body. They are 2% solution of phenol, dettol (a solution of terpincol and chloro-xylenol) savlon, bithional etc. Disinfectants are medicines which kill the microorganisms but are not safe for application to living tissues. Tranquillizers are medicines used to relieve mental tension and an anxiety. They act on the nervous system and induce sleep. They may antidepressants (to elevate mood) such as methedrine and vitalin, sedatives (relieve mental agitation and violence) such as diazopam, seconal, luminal and equanil. Antibiotics are medicines produced by micro-organisms such as fungi, bacteria and moulds and are used to kill other microorganisms. They are penicillin (Treat sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia), streptomycin (active against tuberclosis, chloramphenicol treat typhoid, acute fever, urinary infection. Medicine which is antibiotic is :

    A
    Aspirin
    B
    Calmpose
    C
    Chloroquine
    D
    Ampicillin

  • Passage-2 The chemicals used to treat diseases and to reduce the suffering from pain are known as drugs or medicines. The chemicals used in chemotherapy are classified according to their action. For example antipyretics are medicines used to lower the body temperature in high fever. The examples of antipyretics are para ethoxy acetamide and analgin. Analgesics are medicines which relieve pain. They are of two types. (i) Narcotics are medicines which relieve pain by producing sleep and unconsciousness. They are morphine, morphine diacetate (heroin) and codeine. They are habit forming (ii) Non narcotic analgesics are not habit forming and do not usually induce sleep. They are aspirin, brufen and butazolidine. Antiseptics are medicines which kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms Antiseptics are also used to reduce odours arising out of bacterial decomposition on the surface of the body. They are 2% solution of phenol, dettol (a solution of terpincol and chloro-xylenol) savlon, bithional etc. Disinfectants are medicines which kill the microorganisms but are not safe for application to living tissues. Tranquillizers are medicines used to relieve mental tension and an anxiety. They act on the nervous system and induce sleep. They may antidepressants (to elevate mood) such as methedrine and vitalin, sedatives (relieve mental agitation and violence) such as diazopam, seconal, luminal and equanil. Antibiotics are medicines produced by micro-organisms such as fungi, bacteria and moulds and are used to kill other microorganisms. They are penicillin (Treat sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia), streptomycin (active against tuberclosis, chloramphenicol treat typhoid, acute fever, urinary infection. Which of the following compounds is aspirin ?

    A
    Acetyl salicylic acid
    B
    Methyl salicylate
    C
    Phenyl salicylate
    D
    Salicylic acid

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    The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. 5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the 10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around 15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. 20. The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single 25 base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for 30 example, there would not be room for it. We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain, but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine. The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself. The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that organism’s DNA. Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association, Bangalore 29. Do the data in the table support the authors’ proposed pairing of bases in DNA?

    The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. 5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the 10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around 15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. 20. The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single 25 base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for 30 example, there would not be room for it. We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain, but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine. The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself. The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that organism’s DNA. Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association, Bangalor 27. The authors’ use of the words “exact,” “specific,” and “complement” in lines 47-49 in the final paragraph functions mainly to

    The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. 5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the 10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around 15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. 20. The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single 25 base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for 30 example, there would not be room for it. We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain, but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine. The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself. The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that organism’s DNA. Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association, Bangalore 31. Based on the table, is the percentage of adenine in each organism’s DNA the same or does it vary, and which statement made by the authors is most consistent with that data?

    The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. 5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the 10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around 15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. 20. The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single 25 base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for 30 example, there would not be room for it. We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain, but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine. The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself. The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that organism’s DNA. Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association, Bangalore 22. The authors use the word “backbone” in lines 3 and 39 to indicate that

    The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. 5 To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible bases—adenine and guanine—are purines, and the other two—thymine and cytosine—are pyrimidines. So far as is known, the sequence of bases along the 10 chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as a nucleotide. The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around 15 a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be one in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two. 20. The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single 25 base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair consisted of two purines, for 30 example, there would not be room for it. We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: 35 adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain, but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine. The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is 40 completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the 45 genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus one chain is, as it were, the complement of the other, and it is 50 this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself. The table shows, for various organisms, the percentage of each of the four types of nitrogenous bases in that organism’s DNA. Adapted from Manju Bansal, “DNA Structure: Revisiting the Watson-Crick Double Helix.” ©2003 by Current Science Association, Bangalore 30. According to the table, which of the following pairs of base percentages in sea urchin DNA provides evidence in support of the answer to the previous question?

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