In any grassland and forest community edge species are –

Options

A. Those species which occur in ecotone
B. Those species which increased their variety and density at the border of ecosystem
C. Those species which spend the greatest amount of their time in junctions of forest and grass land
D. All of above

Answer

To answer the question regarding edge species in grassland and forest communities, we can break down the solution into the following steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Edge Species**: Edge species are those organisms that thrive in the transition zones between different ecosystems, such as between forests and grasslands.

2. **Identifying the Ecotone**: The area where the forest ecosystem meets the grassland is known as an ecotone. This transition zone is characterized by a unique set of environmental conditions that support a diverse array of species.

3. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **Option 1**: "Those species which occur in ecotone." This is correct because edge species are indeed found in the ecotone.
- **Option 2**: "Those species which increase their variety and density at the border of ecosystems." This is also correct, as the ecotone typically has a higher density and variety of species compared to the adjacent ecosystems.
- **Option 3**: "Those species which spend the greatest amount of their time in the junction of forest and grassland." This is true as well, since edge species often spend most of their time in the ecotone due to the availability of resources.

4. **Conclusion**: Since all three options accurately describe edge species, the correct answer is **Option 4: All of the above**.

### Final Answer:
Edge species in any grassland and forest community are best described by **Option 4: All of the above**.

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