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Write notes on Hardy Schulze Rule ?...

Write notes on Hardy Schulze Rule ?

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According to Hardy-Schulze rule, greater the valency of the active ions, greater will be its coagulating power.
Conditions :
(i) The ions carrying the charge opposite to that of sol particles are effective in causing coagulation of the sol.
(ii) Coagulating power of an electrolyte is directly proportional to the `4^(th)` power of the valency of the active ions.
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Assertion : Coagulation power of Al^(3+) is more than Na^(+) . Reason : Greater the valency of the flocculating ion added greater is its power to cause precipitation (Hardy Schulze rule) .

The particles of colloidal solution possess electrical charge which is responsible for the stability of these solutions. The charge on colloidal particles arises because of selective adsorption of ions which are common with their own lattice. The presence of charge on colloidal particles can be determined with the help of phenomenon known as electrophoresis. However, when some electrolyte is added, the charge -on the particles of dispersed phase gets neutralized and precipitation takes place. This process is also called coagulation. The coagulation is given by Hardy Schulze rules. According to these rules the ions carrying the charge opposite to that of sol particles are effective and coagulating power of an electrolyte is directly propdrtional to the fourth power of the valency of the ion. Coagulation can also occur by mutual precipitation, by electrophoresis, by persistent dialysis or by heating or cooling. What is Hardy Schulze rule ?