Trnsition elements show variable oxidati...

Trnsition elements show variable oxidation states. This is due to their valence electrons which are found in two different orbitals i.e., ns and (n-1) d. Up to (+II) oxidation state ns electrons are involved, but in higher oxidation states, electrons of (n-1) d sub-shells are also involved.
The most common oxidation state shown by Ist row of transition elements is

`( + II)`

`(+III)`

`(+IV)`

all of these

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Trnsition elements show variable oxidation states. This is due to their valence electrons which are found in two different orbitals i.e., ns and (n-1) d. Up to (+II) oxidation state ns electrons are involved, but in higher oxidation states, electrons of (n-1) d sub-shells are also involved. the cause of variable oxidation states among transition elements is that

they all exist in more than one oxidation states among transition elements is that

they all form complex compounds

the valence electrons in them are found in two different sub-shells

they all have paired sub-shells.

Ni.

Of the presence of ns ,np and nd electrons

The energy difference between (n-1)d and ns electrons is very less , thus (n-1)d electrons also behave like valence electrons

Of the presence of ns and nd orbitals

Of the presence of electrons in np and nd orbitals