Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is known to be affected by gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination and

Options

A. Evolution
B. Limiting factors
C. Saltation
D. Natural selection

Explanation

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium**: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle in population genetics that states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

2. **Key Components of Hardy-Weinberg**: The equilibrium is based on certain assumptions, including:
- No mutations
- Random mating
- No gene flow (migration)
- Infinite population size (no genetic drift)
- No natural selection

3. **Factors Affecting Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium**: The equilibrium can be disrupted by several factors. The question lists some of these factors:
- **Gene Flow**: The movement of alleles between populations through migration.
- **Genetic Drift**: Random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations.
- **Mutation**: Changes in the DNA sequence that can introduce new alleles.
- **Genetic Recombination**: The reshuffling of alleles during meiosis, which can create new allele combinations.
- **Natural Selection**: The process where certain traits become more or less common depending on their impact on survival and reproduction.

4. **Conclusion**: Therefore, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is affected by gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection.