How should we take the reading of a liquid level, if the meniscus of the surface is concave

How should we take the reading of a liquid level, if the meniscus of the surface is convex .

By a surface of a liquid we mean

How does the rate of evaporation of a liquid depend on (i) temperature , (ii) surface area?

Boiling takes place throughout a liquid and not just at the surface.

How does the surface tension of a liquid vary with increase in temperature ?

Molecular forces exist between the molecules of a liquid in a container. The molecules on the surface have unequal force leading to a tension on the surface. If this is not compensated by a force, the equilibrium of the liquid will be a difficult task. This leads to an excess pressure on the surface. The nature of the meniscus can inform us of the direction of the excess pressure. The angle of contact of the liquid decided by the forces between the molecules, air and container can make the angle of contact. The direction of the excess pressure in the meniscus of a liquid of angle of contact 2pi//3 is

Molecular forces exist between the molecules of a liquid in a container. The molecules on the surface have unequal force leading to a tension on the surface. If this is not compensated by a force, the equilibrium of the liquid will be a difficult task. This leads to an excess pressure on the surface. The nature of the meniscus can inform us of the direction of the excess pressure. The angle of contact of the liquid decided by the forces between the molecules, air and container can make the angle of contact. In a meniscus of radius r , with excess pressure p in atmospheric pressure p_(0) , the force experienced is

Consider a cylindrical container of cross-section area A length h and having coefficient of linear expansion alpha_(c) . The container is filled by liquid of real expansion coefficient gamma_(L) up to height h_(1) . When temperature of the system is increased by Deltatheta then (a). Find out the height, area and volume of cylindrical container and new volume of liquid. (b). Find the height of liquid level when expansion of container is neglected. (c). Find the relation between gamma_(L) and alpha_(c) for which volume of container above the liquid level (i) increases (ii). decreases (iii). remains constant. (d). On the surface of a cylindrical container a scale is attached for the measurement of level of liquid of liquid filled inside it. If we increase the temperature of the temperature of the system by Deltatheta , then (i). Find height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of liquid. (ii). Find the height of liquid level as shown by the scale on the vessel. Neglect expansion of container.

Molecular forces exist between the molecules of a liquid in a container. The molecules on the surface have unequal force leading to a tension on the surface. If this is not compensated by a force, the equilibrium of the liquid will be a difficult task. This leads to an excess pressure on the surface. The nature of the meniscus can inform us of the direction of the excess pressure. The angle of contact of the liquid decided by the forces between the molecules, air and container can make the angle of contact. If the excess pressure in a soap bubble is p , the excess pressure in an air bubble is