Which of the following sequence is best suited to convert benzene
to 3-chloro aniline?

Options

A. nitration, reduction, chlorination
B. chlorination, nitration, reduction
C. nitration, chlorination, reduction
D. nitration, reduction, acetylation, chlorination, hydrolysis

Answer

To convert benzene to 3-chloroaniline, we can follow a series of steps involving nitration, chlorination, and reduction. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the process:

### Step 1: Nitration of Benzene
1. **React benzene with concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4)**.
- This reaction introduces a nitro group (NO2) to the benzene ring.
- The reaction occurs at a temperature of 323-333 K.
- **Product**: Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) + Water (H2O).

### Step 2: Chlorination of Nitrobenzene
2. **Chlorinate the nitrobenzene**.
- Use chlorine gas (Cl2) in the presence of iron (Fe) as a catalyst to facilitate the chlorination.
- The nitro group is a meta-directing group, which means the chlorine will add to the meta position relative to the nitro group.
- **Product**: Meta-chloronitrobenzene (C6H4ClNO2).

### Step 3: Reduction of Meta-Chloronitrobenzene
3. **Reduce the nitro group to an amino group (NH2)**.
- Use tin (Sn) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) for the reduction process.
- This step converts the nitro group into an amino group.
- **Product**: 3-chloroaniline (C6H4ClNH2) + Water (H2O).

### Final Product
- The final product after these three steps is 3-chloroaniline.

### Summary of Steps
1. Nitration of benzene → Nitrobenzene.
2. Chlorination of nitrobenzene → Meta-chloronitrobenzene.
3. Reduction of meta-chloronitrobenzene → 3-chloroaniline.