Which element(s) of d-block have full `d^(10)` configuration in their ground state as well as in their common oxidation states?

Options

A. `Zn`
B. `Cd`
C. `Hg`
D. `Ag`

Answer

To determine which elements of the d-block have a full `d^(10)` configuration in both their ground state and common oxidation states, we will analyze the electronic configurations of the given elements: zinc, cadmium, mercury, and silver.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Identify the Elements**: The elements we need to analyze are:
- Zinc (Zn)
- Cadmium (Cd)
- Mercury (Hg)
- Silver (Ag)

2. **Write the Ground State Electronic Configurations**:
- **Zinc (Zn)**: The atomic number of zinc is 30. Its ground state electronic configuration is:
\[ \text{Zn: } [\text{Ar}] 3d^{10} 4s^2 \]
- **Cadmium (Cd)**: The atomic number of cadmium is 48. Its ground state electronic configuration is:
\[ \text{Cd: } [\text{Kr}] 4d^{10} 5s^2 \]
- **Mercury (Hg)**: The atomic number of mercury is 80. Its ground state electronic configuration is:
\[ \text{Hg: } [\text{Xe}] 4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^2 \]
- **Silver (Ag)**: The atomic number of silver is 47. Its ground state electronic configuration is:
\[ \text{Ag: } [\text{Kr}] 4d^{10} 5s^1 \]

3. **Determine Common Oxidation States**:
- **Zinc (Zn)**: The common oxidation state is +2. In this state, the configuration is:
\[ \text{Zn}^{2+}: [\text{Ar}] 3d^{10} \]
- **Cadmium (Cd)**: The common oxidation state is +2. In this state, the configuration is:
\[ \text{Cd}^{2+}: [\text{Kr}] 4d^{10} \]
- **Mercury (Hg)**: The common oxidation state is +2. In this state, the configuration is:
\[ \text{Hg}^{2+}: [\text{Xe}] 4f^{14} 5d^{10} \]
- **Silver (Ag)**: The common oxidation state is +1. In this state, the configuration is:
\[ \text{Ag}^{+}: [\text{Kr}] 4d^{10} \]

4. **Check for Full `d^(10)` Configuration**:
- **Zinc**:
- Ground state: `3d^{10} 4s^2` (full `d^{10}`)
- Common oxidation state: `3d^{10}` (full `d^{10}`)
- **Cadmium**:
- Ground state: `4d^{10} 5s^2` (full `d^{10}`)
- Common oxidation state: `4d^{10}` (full `d^{10}`)
- **Mercury**:
- Ground state: `4f^{14} 5d^{10} 6s^2` (full `d^{10}`)
- Common oxidation state: `4f^{14} 5d^{10}` (full `d^{10}`)
- **Silver**:
- Ground state: `4d^{10} 5s^1` (full `d^{10}`)
- Common oxidation state: `4d^{10}` (full `d^{10}`)

5. **Conclusion**: The elements that have a full `d^{10}` configuration in both their ground state and common oxidation states are:
- Zinc (Zn)
- Cadmium (Cd)
- Mercury (Hg)

### Final Answer:
The elements with a full `d^{10}` configuration in both their ground state and common oxidation states are **Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg)**.