`{:("Across",,"Down"),("3. Adjustment to habitat",,"1. Plants living in water"),("6. Plant which lives in desert ",,"2. Animals active during night"),("7. Gas released during photosynthesis",,"4. Interaction between biotic and abiotic community"),("8. Organisms which feed on dead animals",,"5. Period between birth and death"),("10. External agent to cause change",,"9. Primary source of energy"):}`
`{:("Across",,"Down"),("3. Adjustment to habitat",,"1. Plants living in water"),("6. Plant which lives in desert ",,"2. Animals active during night"),("7. Gas released during photosynthesis",,"4. Interaction between biotic and abiotic community"),("8. Organisms which feed on dead animals",,"5. Period between birth and death"),("10. External agent to cause change",,"9. Primary source of energy"):}`
Text Solution
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The correct Answer is:
`{:("Across",,"Down"),("3. Adaptation",,"1. Hydrophytes"),("6. Cactus",,"2.Nocturnal"),("7. Oxygen ",," 4. Ecosystem "),("8. Scavengers",,"5.Lifespan"),("10. Stimulus",,"9. Sun"):}`
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Knowledge Check
To move an airplane through the air, thrust is generated by some kind of propulsion system. Beginning with the Wright brothers' first flight, many airplanes have used internal combustion engines to turn propellers to generate thrust. Today, most general aviation or private airplanes are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines, much like the engine in your family automobile. When discussing engines, we must consider both the mechanical- operation of the machine and the thermodynamic processes that enable the machine to produce useful work. We consider the thermodynamics of a four-stroke IC engine. Figure shown represents such a cycle which is used in all Internal combustion engines. The figure shows a p-V diagram of the cycle. Using the engine stage numbering system, we begin at the lower left with Stage 1 being the beginning of the intake stroke of the engine. The pressure is near atmospheric pressure and the gas volume is at a minimum. Between Stage 1 and Stage 2 the piston is pulled out of the cylinder with the intake valve open. The pressure remains constant, and the gas volume increases as fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the-intake valve. Stage 2 begins the compression stroke of the engine with the closing of the intake valve. Between Stage 2 and Stage 3, the piston moves back into the cylinder, the gas volume.decreases, and the pressure increases because work is done on the gas by the piston. Stage 3 is the beginning of the combustion of the fuel/air mixture. The combustion occurs very quickly and the volume remains constant. Heat is released during combustion which increases both the temperature and the pressure, according to the equation of slate. Slage 4 begins the power stroke of the engine. Between Stage 4 and Stage 5, the piston is driiven towards the crankshaft, the volume in increased, and the pressure falls as work is done by the gas on the píston. At Stage 5 the exhaust valve is opened and the residual heat in the gas is exchanged with the surroundings. The volume remains constant and the pressure adjusts back to atmospheric conditions. Stage 6 begins the exhaust stroke of the engine during which the piston. moves back into the cylinder, the volume decreases and the pressure remains constant. At the end of the exhaust stroke, conditions have returned to Stage 1 and the process repeats itself. During the cycle, work is done on the gas by the plston between stages 2 and 3. Work is done by the gas on the piston between stages 4 and 5. The difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas is the area enclosed by the cycle curve and is the work produced by the cycle. The work times the rate of the cycle (cycles per second) is equal to the power produced by the engine. Choose.the correct statement.
To move an airplane through the air, thrust is generated by some kind of propulsion system. Beginning with the Wright brothers' first flight, many airplanes have used internal combustion engines to turn propellers to generate thrust. Today, most general aviation or private airplanes are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines, much like the engine in your family automobile. When discussing engines, we must consider both the mechanical- operation of the machine and the thermodynamic processes that enable the machine to produce useful work. We consider the thermodynamics of a four-stroke IC engine. Figure shown represents such a cycle which is used in all Internal combustion engines. The figure shows a p-V diagram of the cycle. Using the engine stage numbering system, we begin at the lower left with Stage 1 being the beginning of the intake stroke of the engine. The pressure is near atmospheric pressure and the gas volume is at a minimum. Between Stage 1 and Stage 2 the piston is pulled out of the cylinder with the intake valve open. The pressure remains constant, and the gas volume increases as fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the-intake valve. Stage 2 begins the compression stroke of the engine with the closing of the intake valve. Between Stage 2 and Stage 3, the piston moves back into the cylinder, the gas volume.decreases, and the pressure increases because work is done on the gas by the piston. Stage 3 is the beginning of the combustion of the fuel/air mixture. The combustion occurs very quickly and the volume remains constant. Heat is released during combustion which increases both the temperature and the pressure, according to the equation of slate. Slage 4 begins the power stroke of the engine. Between Stage 4 and Stage 5, the piston is driiven towards the crankshaft, the volume in increased, and the pressure falls as work is done by the gas on the píston. At Stage 5 the exhaust valve is opened and the residual heat in the gas is exchanged with the surroundings. The volume remains constant and the pressure adjusts back to atmospheric conditions. Stage 6 begins the exhaust stroke of the engine during which the piston. moves back into the cylinder, the volume decreases and the pressure remains constant. At the end of the exhaust stroke, conditions have returned to Stage 1 and the process repeats itself. During the cycle, work is done on the gas by the plston between stages 2 and 3. Work is done by the gas on the piston between stages 4 and 5. The difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas is the area enclosed by the cycle curve and is the work produced by the cycle. The work times the rate of the cycle (cycles per second) is equal to the power produced by the engine. Choose.the correct statement.
A
During the compression stroke, the gas does positive work.
B
During the power stroke the gas.does positive work.
C
Between stage 1, 2, the work is done on the gas.
D
None of the above.
To move an airplane through the air, thrust is generated by some kind of propulsion system. Beginning with the Wright brothers' first flight, many airplanes have used internal combustion engines to turn propellers to generate thrust. Today, most general aviation or private airplanes are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines, much like the engine in your family automobile. When discussing engines, we must consider both the mechanical- operation of the machine and the thermodynamic processes that enable the machine to produce useful work. We consider the thermodynamics of a four-stroke IC engine. Figure shown represents such a cycle which is used in all Internal combustion engines. The figure shows a p-V diagram of the cycle. Using the engine stage numbering system, we begin at the lower left with Stage 1 being the beginning of the intake stroke of the engine. The pressure is near atmospheric pressure and the gas volume is at a minimum. Between Stage 1 and Stage 2 the piston is pulled out of the cylinder with the intake valve open. The pressure remains constant, and the gas volume increases as fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the-intake valve. Stage 2 begins the compression stroke of the engine with the closing of the intake valve. Between Stage 2 and Stage 3, the piston moves back into the cylinder, the gas volume.decreases, and the pressure increases because work is done on the gas by the piston. Stage 3 is the beginning of the combustion of the fuel/air mixture. The combustion occurs very quickly and the volume remains constant. Heat is released during combustion which increases both the temperature and the pressure, according to the equation of slate. Slage 4 begins the power stroke of the engine. Between Stage 4 and Stage 5, the piston is driiven towards the crankshaft, the volume in increased, and the pressure falls as work is done by the gas on the píston. At Stage 5 the exhaust valve is opened and the residual heat in the gas is exchanged with the surroundings. The volume remains constant and the pressure adjusts back to atmospheric conditions. Stage 6 begins the exhaust stroke of the engine during which the piston. moves back into the cylinder, the volume decreases and the pressure remains constant. At the end of the exhaust stroke, conditions have returned to Stage 1 and the process repeats itself. During the cycle, work is done on the gas by the plston between stages 2 and 3. Work is done by the gas on the piston between stages 4 and 5. The difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas is the area enclosed by the cycle curve and is the work produced by the cycle. The work times the rate of the cycle (cycles per second) is equal to the power produced by the engine. Consider that the above diagram represents an ideal such cycle then choose the incorrect statement fora corresponding real cycle.
To move an airplane through the air, thrust is generated by some kind of propulsion system. Beginning with the Wright brothers' first flight, many airplanes have used internal combustion engines to turn propellers to generate thrust. Today, most general aviation or private airplanes are powered by internal combustion (IC) engines, much like the engine in your family automobile. When discussing engines, we must consider both the mechanical- operation of the machine and the thermodynamic processes that enable the machine to produce useful work. We consider the thermodynamics of a four-stroke IC engine. Figure shown represents such a cycle which is used in all Internal combustion engines. The figure shows a p-V diagram of the cycle. Using the engine stage numbering system, we begin at the lower left with Stage 1 being the beginning of the intake stroke of the engine. The pressure is near atmospheric pressure and the gas volume is at a minimum. Between Stage 1 and Stage 2 the piston is pulled out of the cylinder with the intake valve open. The pressure remains constant, and the gas volume increases as fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder through the-intake valve. Stage 2 begins the compression stroke of the engine with the closing of the intake valve. Between Stage 2 and Stage 3, the piston moves back into the cylinder, the gas volume.decreases, and the pressure increases because work is done on the gas by the piston. Stage 3 is the beginning of the combustion of the fuel/air mixture. The combustion occurs very quickly and the volume remains constant. Heat is released during combustion which increases both the temperature and the pressure, according to the equation of slate. Slage 4 begins the power stroke of the engine. Between Stage 4 and Stage 5, the piston is driiven towards the crankshaft, the volume in increased, and the pressure falls as work is done by the gas on the píston. At Stage 5 the exhaust valve is opened and the residual heat in the gas is exchanged with the surroundings. The volume remains constant and the pressure adjusts back to atmospheric conditions. Stage 6 begins the exhaust stroke of the engine during which the piston. moves back into the cylinder, the volume decreases and the pressure remains constant. At the end of the exhaust stroke, conditions have returned to Stage 1 and the process repeats itself. During the cycle, work is done on the gas by the plston between stages 2 and 3. Work is done by the gas on the piston between stages 4 and 5. The difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas is the area enclosed by the cycle curve and is the work produced by the cycle. The work times the rate of the cycle (cycles per second) is equal to the power produced by the engine. Consider that the above diagram represents an ideal such cycle then choose the incorrect statement fora corresponding real cycle.
A
The area of the p-V diagram for the real cycle will be lesser than that for ideal cycle.
B
The shape of the p-V diagram for the real cycle will be similar to the corresponding ideal cycle.
C
The power produced by the engine for an ideal cycle will be greater than that produced by corresponding real cycle.
D
The shape of the p-V diagram for the real cycle will not be similar to the ideal cycle.
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