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Home
Science
Food Chain and Food Web

Food Chain and Food Web

It is a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred in the form of food by the process of one organism consuming the other.

(i) Grass → Deer → Lion

(Producer) (Herbivore) (Carnivore)

(ii)Maize → Locust → lizard → Snake

(Producer) (Herbivore) (Carnivore) (Top carnivores)

Food Chain

• As the food chain goes on, the energy that is transferred to the next organism decreases.

1.0Trophic Levels

The distinct sequential steps in the food chain where transfer of energy occurs are referred to as trophic levels. e.g., 

(i) Green plants (producers) form the first trophic level, the producer level.

(ii) The plant eaters (herbivores), also called primary consumers, belong to second trophic level.

(iii) The primary consumer level and the flesh eaters (carnivores), also called secondary consumers, represent the third trophic level.

Trophic Levels

Plants → Men (Two trophic levels) 

Plants → Goat → Men (Three trophic levels)

Plants → Mice → Snakes → Peacocks (Four trophic levels)

Plants → Insects → Frogs → Snakes → Eagles (Five trophic levels)

Plants → Grasshoppers → Frogs → Snakes → Hawks (Five trophic levels)

2.0Characteristics of Food Chain

1. A food chain involves a nutritive interaction between the living organisms (biotic components) of an ecosystem. In a food chain, there occurs repeated eating, i.e., each group eats the other group and subsequently is taken by some other group of organisms.

2. A food chain is always straight and proceeds in a progressive straight line.

3. Usually, there are 3 or 4 trophic levels in the food chain. In few chains, there may be maximum of 5 trophic levels.

4. Some organisms are omnivores. These occupy different trophic positions in different food chains.

5. At each transfer, generally 80-90% of energy is lost as heat in accordance with second law of thermodynamics.

3.0Types of Food Chains

There are two types of food chains.

Grazing Food Chains


Grazing food chains


Type of
Ecosystem

Producers

Herbivores

Primary Carnivores

Secondary carnivores

Tertiary carnivores


1.

Grassland ecosystem

Grass

Insects
(Grasshopper, Rats, mice, Rabbits etc.)

Frogs, Snakes, Foxes etc.

Snakes, Predatory,
birds, Wolves etc.

Predatory birds,
Lions etc.


2.

Pond ecosystem

Phyto-planktons

Zooplanktons

Small fish

Large fish

Predatory
birds


Detritus Food Chain

Detritus food chain

Detritus

Detritivores

Small carnivores

Large carnivores

Mangrove, fallen leaves and dead
bodies of animals

Insect’s larvae, certain crustaceans, molluscs and fish.

Minnows, small game fish, etc.

Large fish, fish-eating birds

• Detritivores obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal waste as well as faeces) e.g., invertebrates like earthworm, insects such as mites, beetles, butterflies. They should be distinguished from other decomposers like bacteria and fungi which are unable to ingest discrete lumps of matter, but instead use saprotrophic feeding, in which they absorb nutrients through extracellular digestion.

• Kites and vultures feed on dead organisms and therefore, they act as scavengers.

4.0Significance of Food Chains

The significance of food chains can be seen with the help of following functions -

(i) It is a means of transfer of energy from one trophic level to another.

(ii) It provides information about the living components of an ecosystem.

(iii) A natural method of population control due to different nutritional habits.

(iv) It enables recycling of resources via decomposition.

5.0Food web

The interconnected food chains operating in an ecosystem which establish a network of relationships between various species is called a food web or the network of a large number of food chains existing in an ecosystem is called a food web.

Unlike food chain, food web are never straight.

Food webs help in checking the over population of species of organisms (both animals and plants).

A food web provides alternative pathways of food availability.

Food Web

Differences Between Food Chain and Food Web


Food Chain

Food Web

1.

The sequence of eating and being eaten among the living organisms to transfer food energy is called food chain.

It is a system of interconnected food chains. The network of food chains develops a relationship between various organisms.

2.

It is having 4-5 populations (trophic levels) of different species.

It is having numerous populations of different species.

3.

It is a part of food web.

It contains many food chains.

6.0Transfer of Energy in Ecosystem

Ten Percent law

It was put forth by Lindeman (1942). It is also termed as second law of thermodynamics or law of entropy. According to this law, transfer of energy from one trophic level to other trophic level is never 100 percent. It is so because most of energy gets lost as heat in the environment during each transfer. On an average, about 10% of energy is actually available to the next trophic level.

7.0Also Read

Excretion and Excretory Organs

Artificial Kidneys or Hemodialysis

Aquatic Habitats

Excretory System in Human

Reproduction in Plants

Movement of Animals

Physiology of Excretion

Adaptations and Their Habitats

Life Process

Table of Contents


  • 1.0Trophic Levels
  • 2.0Characteristics of Food Chain
  • 3.0Types of Food Chains
  • 3.1Grazing Food Chains
  • 3.2Detritus Food Chain
  • 4.0Significance of Food Chains
  • 5.0Food web
  • 5.1Differences Between Food Chain and Food Web
  • 6.0Transfer of Energy in Ecosystem
  • 6.1Ten Percent law
  • 7.0Also Read

Frequently Asked Questions

‘A’ will be more stable because it has lesser number of trophic levels.

It is because only 10% of energy is passed on to next higher trophic level in a food chain. As a result of this, there is a progressive decline in the energy level and the amount of energy available is not enough to sustain more than few trophic levels in a food chain.

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