Parthenocarpy 

Parthenocarpy in plants is a phenomenon where fruits develop without fertilization. Parthenocarpy, introduced by F. Noll in 1902, designated the formation of fruits without pollination. In other words, the fruit develops without pollination and seed formation. The term "parthenocarpy" is derived from the Greek words "parthenos," meaning virgin, and "karpos," meaning fruit.

In nature, most fruits develop following pollination and fertilization, which involves the fusion of male and female gametes (pollen and ovule). However, under certain conditions, such as hormonal treatments, genetic modifications, or environmental factors, fruits can develop without fertilization. This can be advantageous in agriculture because it ensures fruit production even without the presence of pollinators or in environments where pollination is challenging.

1.0Parthenocarpic Fruits

Parthenocarpic fruits are often seedless or have significantly reduced numbers of seeds compared to their seeded counterparts. Some common examples of parthenocarpic fruits include papaya, bananas, seedless watermelon seedless grapes, and seedless cucumbers. 

2.0Types of Parthenocarpy

• Natural Parthenocarpy: Natural parthenocarpy occurs when seedless fruits develop without needing external intervention or specialized treatment. In this process, fruits are formed from the ovaries without pollination or fertilization. As it arises spontaneously in nature, this phenomenon is called natural parthenocarpy.
• Artificial or Induced Parthenocarpy: Induced Parthenocarpy involves using specific chemicals to stimulate the development of seedless fruits. It is found that the level of auxin in the ovaries of parthenocarpic species of oranges and grapes is much higher than that of non-parthenocarpic species, and high levels of auxin are responsible for this phenomenon.

Based on Simulation

• Vegetative Parthenocarpy: This type of parthenocarpy does not rely on external stimuli such as pollination for fruit development. Examples include seedless cucumbers, where fruit develops without pollination or other external factors.
• Stimulative Parthenocarpy: In this type, pollination or other external stimuli are necessary for fruit development. Plants exhibiting stimulative parthenocarpy require these stimuli to trigger the process of parthenocarpy. No permanent fertilization is needed, but external triggers are essential. Seedless watermelons exemplify a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy, where the seeds are present but immature and aborted.

3.0Advantages of Parthenocarpy 

• Parthenocarpic plants produce fruit without pollination, ensuring a consistent fruit set even in environments where pollinators are scarce or weather conditions are unfavorable.
• Parthenocarpic fruits are often seedless or have fewer seeds, resulting in improved fruit quality and potentially better taste and texture.
• Parthenocarpy can lead to higher yields since there is no reliance on pollination for fruit formation. This can be particularly beneficial in commercial agriculture, where consistent yields are desired.

4.0Disadvantages of Parthenocarpy

• Parthenocarpic fruits do not contain seeds since they develop without fertilization.
• Parthenocarpic plants often require external inputs such as growth regulators or specific environmental conditions to induce fruit development without fertilization. This dependency on external factors can increase production costs and may not be sustainable in all agricultural settings. 
• Parthenocarpy can lead to reduced genetic diversity within a crop population. Since it bypasses the natural process of fertilization and seed formation, it limits the genetic recombination that occurs during sexual reproduction.