Define the following:
(a) Leaching
(b) Methallurgy
(c ) Anisotropy
The boiling point of benzene is `353*23K.` When 1.80 gram of non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 gram of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the moler mass of solute.
`[K_(b)`for benzene `=2.53K mol^(-1)]`

Explanation

(a) Leaching : It is a chemical method for the concentration of the ore. In this procfess the powdered ore is dissolved selectively in certain acids, bases or other suitable reagents. The impurities remains undissolved as Sludge. The solution of ore is filtered and ore is recovered by precipitation or crystallisation. It is a process in which the ore is concentrated by chemical reaction with a suitable reagent which dissolves out the ore but not the impurities. For example, bauxite is leached with hot and concentrated solution of NaOH which `Al_(2)O_(3)` goes into solution forming solid sodium meta aluminate.
`Al_(2)O_(3).2H_(2)O+2NaOHto underset("Soluble")(2NaAlO_(2))+3H_(2)O`
The solution is then filtered to remove insoluble impurities like silca and other oxides. The filtrate is diluted with water and seeded with small amount of freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide as a result of which a white ppt. is formed.
`NaAlO_(2)+2H_(2)Oto darrunderset("White ppt.")(Al(OH)_(3))+3H_(2)O`
The ppt. is then separted, washed and ignited to get aluminium oxide in pure state.
`2Al(OH)_(3)underset(Delta)tounderset("Pure alumina")(Al_(2)O_(3))+3H_(2)O`
The process of leaching can also be applied in case of argentite and for certain ores containing gold.
(b) Metallurgy : The entire scientific and technological process used for isolation of the metal from its ores is known as methllurgy.
Types of metallurigical processes
1. Pyrometallurgy : In this process, extraction of metals takes place at very high temperature. Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn, etc., are extracted by this method.
2. Hydrometallurigical process : In this method, metals are extracted by this method.
3. Electro-metallurigical process : Electricity is used in this method for exteraction. ` Na, K, Li, Ca, etc.,` are exteracted from their molten salt solution through electrolytic method.
The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involve the following major steps :
Concentration of the ore,
Converting ore into ore,
Reduction
Refining (Purification of the metal)
(c ) Expression for maximum work : Consider an ideal gas confined in a cylinder with a frictionless piston. Suppose it expands reversibly from volume `V_(1)` to `V_(2)` at a constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is succssfully reduced from `p_(1)` to `P_(2).`

The work done by gas in one infinitesimal setp (dW), can be expressed as :
`dW=PxxAdl` (A = cross-section area of piston)`PxxdV` where dV is the increase in volume. The total amount of work dony by the ideal gas from `V_(1)` to `V_(2)` is, therefore,
`W=underset(V_(1))overset(V_(2))intP*dV`
By the ideal gas equation,
`P=(nRT)/(V)`
`W=underset(V_(1))overset(V_(2))int(nRT)/(V)dV`
`nRTunderset(V_(1))overset(V_(2))int(dV)/(V)`
or `W_(max) =-2.303n RT log V_(2)//V_(1)`
Weight of solute `=1.80` g
Weight of solvent `=90`g
`K_(b)` for benzene `=2.53K mol^(-1)`
The elevation in the boiling point `=354.11K-353.23K =0.88` K Substituting these values in expression we get
`T_(b)=K_(b)M`
`M=(1.80xx1000)/(x xx90)`
`or 0.88=(2*53xx1*80xx1000)/(x xx90)`
`x=(2*53xx1*80xx100)/(0.88xx90)`
`x=57*5g mol^(-1)`
Therefore, molar mass of the solute,
`M_(2)=57*5g mol ^(-1).`