What are enzymes ? Give examples ?

Explanation

Enzymes are complex nitrogenous organic compound which are produced by living plants and animals.
`to` These act as specific catalysts in biological reactions.
`to` These catslyse the numerous reactions that occur in the bodies of animals of animals and plants to maintain the life process.
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis :

The enzyme - catalysed reactions may be considered to proceed in two steps.
Step 1 : Binding of substrate to enzyme to form an activated complex `(ES^(ne))`.
`E+S to E S^(ne)`
Step 2 : Decomposition of the activated complex to form product.
`E S^(ne) to E +P`
Factors influencing the catalystic activity of enzymes
`to ` Highly specific nature : One catalyst catalyses only one reaction. Each enzyme is specific for a given reaction.
Eg : The enzyme urease catalyses the hydrolysis of urea only and not any other amide
`to` Highly active under optinum temperature: The rate of an enzyme reaction is maximum at a temperature called optimum temperature.
The optimum temperature range for enzymatic activity is 298 - 310 K.
`to` Highly active under optimum pH : The rate of an enzyme - catalysed reaction is maximum at a particular pH called optimum pH which lies between 5 - 7
`to` Increasing activity in presence of activators and co-enzymes : The enzymatic activity is increased in presence of co-enzymes (or) in presence of activators such as `Na^(+), Mn^(+2)` etc.,
Influence of inhibitors and poisons : The inhibitors (or) poisons interact with the active functional groups on the enzyme surface and reduce or completely destroy the catalytic activity.
i) Inversion of Cane sugar : Enzyme : Invertase
`underset("Cane sugar")(C_(12)H_(22)O_(11_((aq)))) + H_(2)O_((l)) overset("Invertase")to underset("Glucose")(C_(6)H_(12)O_(6_((aq))) + underset("Fructose")(C_(6)H_(12)O_(6_((aq)))`
ii) Conversion of glucose into Enthyl alcohol : Enzyme : Zymase
`underset("Glucose")(C_(6)H_(5)O_(6_((aq)))) overset("Zymase")to underset("Ethyl alcohol ")(2C_(2)H_(5)OH_((aq))) + 2CO_(2_((aq)))`
Conversion of starch into maltose : Enzyme : Diastase
`underset("Starch")(2(C_(6)H_(10)O_(5))_(n_((aq)))) + nH_(2)O_((l)) overset("Diastase")to underset("Maltose")(2C_(6)H_(12)O_(11_((aq))))`
iv) Conversion of maltose into glucose : Enyzme : Maltose
`underset("Maltose")(C_(12)H_(22)O_(11_((aq)))) + H_(2)O_((l)) overset("Urease")to 2NH_(3_((g))) + CO_(2_((g)))`
v) Decomposition of urea into ammonia : Enzyme : Urease
`NH_(2)CONH_(2_((aq))) + H_(2)O overset("Urease")to 2NH_(2_((g))) + CO_(2_((g)))`
vi) Conversion of milk to curd : Enzyme : Lacto bacilli
Milk `overset("lacto bacilli")to ` Curd.