Continuous spectrum is produced by

Options

A. incandesent electric bulb
B. sum
C. hydrogen molecules
D. sodium vapor lamp

Explanation

To understand the production of a continuous spectrum, let's break down the concepts step-by-step:

### Step 1: Definition of Continuous Spectrum
A continuous spectrum is a type of spectrum that contains all wavelengths (or colors) within a certain range without any gaps or lines. This means that the light emitted or absorbed covers a continuous range of wavelengths.

**Hint:** Think about how a rainbow displays a continuous range of colors without breaks.

### Step 2: Conditions for Continuous Spectrum
Continuous spectra are produced when matter is heated to high temperatures or when it is in a state where it can emit light across a broad range of wavelengths. This typically occurs in bulk matter rather than isolated atoms or molecules.

**Hint:** Consider what happens when you heat a solid object until it glows.

### Step 3: Examples of Continuous Spectrum Sources
1. **Incandescent Electric Bulb**: An incandescent bulb produces light by heating a filament until it glows. This process emits a continuous spectrum of light because the filament vibrates at many frequencies, producing light across a wide range of wavelengths.

2. **The Sun**: The Sun emits light due to nuclear fusion reactions occurring in its core. The outer layers of the Sun, which are in a plasma state, emit a continuous spectrum because they contain a vast number of atoms and ions that vibrate at various frequencies.

**Hint:** Think about everyday sources of light and how they produce illumination.

### Step 4: Non-Examples of Continuous Spectrum Sources
- **Hydrogen Molecule**: Hydrogen, when excited, produces a line spectrum rather than a continuous spectrum. This is because it has discrete energy levels, and transitions between these levels result in specific wavelengths of light being emitted, leading to a line spectrum.

- **Sodium Vapor Lamp**: Similar to hydrogen, sodium vapor lamps emit light at specific wavelengths due to the excitation of sodium atoms, resulting in a line spectrum rather than a continuous one.

**Hint:** Remember that isolated atoms or molecules typically produce line spectra due to their quantized energy levels.

### Step 5: Conclusion
From the analysis, we can conclude that the sources of continuous spectrum include the incandescent electric bulb and the Sun. In contrast, hydrogen molecules and sodium vapor lamps do not produce continuous spectra due to their atomic structure and energy transitions.

**Final Answer:** Continuous spectrum is produced by the incandescent electric bulb and the Sun.