Describe briefly the following:
(a) Origin of replication.
(b). Bioreactors.
(c). Downstream processing.

Explanation

(a) Origini of replication:-
This is a sequence from where replication starts and any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells. Origin of replication is defined as the DNA sequence in a genome from where replication initiates. theinitiation of replication can be either uni-directional or bi-directional. A protein complex recognized the 'on' site, unwinds the two strands, and initiates the copying of the DNA.
(b). Bioreactors:-
Bioreactors are large vessels used for the large-scale production of bitechnology products from war materials. they provide optimal conditions to obtain the desired product by providing the optimum temperature, pH, vitamin, oxygen, etc. Bioreactors have an oxygen delivery system, a foam control system, a pH, a temperature control system, and a sampling port to obtain a small volume of culture of sampling. the most commonly used bioreactor is the stirring type.
(c). Downstream Processing:-
Downstream processin is a method of separation and purification of foreign gene products after the completionof the biosynthetic state. the product is subjected to various processes in order to separate and purify the product. After downstream processing, the product is formulated and is passed through various clinical trials for quality control and other tests.