Which show maximum valency

Options

A. Phosphorus
B. Tin
C. Antimony
D. Bismuth

Explanation

To determine which element shows the maximum valency among phosphorus, tin, antimony, and bismuth, we need to analyze the oxidation states of each element and identify their maximum valency.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Valency**:
Valency refers to the ability of an element to combine with other elements, which is often determined by the number of electrons an atom can lose, gain, or share. The maximum valency can be calculated using the formula:
\[ \text{Maximum Valency} = 8 - \text{Oxidation State} \]

2. **Analyzing Phosphorus (P)**:
- Phosphorus can exhibit multiple oxidation states: \( +3 \) and \( +5 \).
- The maximum valency of phosphorus can be calculated as follows:
- For \( +3 \): \( 8 - 3 = 5 \)
- For \( +5 \): \( 8 - 5 = 3 \)
- Therefore, the maximum valency of phosphorus is \( 5 \).

3. **Analyzing Tin (Sn)**:
- Tin can exhibit oxidation states of \( +2 \) and \( +4 \).
- The maximum valency of tin can be calculated as follows:
- For \( +2 \): \( 8 - 2 = 6 \)
- For \( +4 \): \( 8 - 4 = 4 \)
- Therefore, the maximum valency of tin is \( 6 \).

4. **Analyzing Antimony (Sb)**:
- Antimony can exhibit oxidation states of \( +3 \) and \( +5 \).
- The maximum valency of antimony can be calculated as follows:
- For \( +3 \): \( 8 - 3 = 5 \)
- For \( +5 \): \( 8 - 5 = 3 \)
- Therefore, the maximum valency of antimony is \( 5 \).

5. **Analyzing Bismuth (Bi)**:
- Bismuth can exhibit oxidation states of \( +3 \) and \( +5 \).
- The maximum valency of bismuth can be calculated as follows:
- For \( +3 \): \( 8 - 3 = 5 \)
- For \( +5 \): \( 8 - 5 = 3 \)
- Therefore, the maximum valency of bismuth is \( 5 \).

6. **Conclusion**:
- Comparing the maximum valencies calculated:
- Phosphorus: \( 5 \)
- Tin: \( 6 \)
- Antimony: \( 5 \)
- Bismuth: \( 5 \)
- The element with the maximum valency is **Tin (Sn)** with a maximum valency of **6**.