Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their property as indicated:
i. Acetaldehyde, acetone, di-tert-butyl ketone, methyl tert-butyl ketone (reactivity towards HCN).
ii. `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH(Br)COOH, CH_(3)CH(Br)CH_(2)COOH, (CH_(3))_(2)CHCOOH, CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)COOH` (acidic strength).
iii. Benzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-dinitro-benzoic acid, 4-methoxybenzoic acid (acidic strength).

Explanation

(i) The reativity towards HCN addition decreases at the +I-effect of the alkyl group/s increases and/or the steric hindrance to the nucleophilic attach by `CN^(-)` at the carbonyl carbon increases. Thus, the reactivity decreases in the order.

In other words, reactivity increases in the reverse order, i.e.,
Di-tert-butyl ketone lt tert-butyl methyl ketonelt acetonelt acetaldehyde.
(ii) we known that +I-effect decreases while -I-effect increases the acid strength of carboxylic acids.
Since +I-effect of isopropyl group is more tha the of n-propyl group, therefore, `(CH_(3))_(2)CHCOOH` is a weaker acid than `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)COOH`.
Further Since -I-effect decreases with distance, therefore, `CH_(3)CH_(2)CH(Br)COOH` is a stronger acid than `CH_(3)CH(Br)CH_(2)COOH`. thus, the overall acid strength increases in the order:
`CH_(3)-overset(CH_(3))overset(|)(C)H-COOH lt CH_(3)CH_(2)CH_(2)- COOH lt CH_(3)-underset(Br)underset(|)(C)H-CH_(2)-COOH lt CH_(3)-CH_(2)-underset(Br)underset(|)(C)H-COOH`
(iii) Since electron-donating groups decrease the acid strength, therefore, 4-methoxybenzoic acid is a weaker acid than benzoic acid.
Further since electron-withdrawing groups inicrease the acid strength, therefore, both 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-4-dinitrobenzoic acids are stronger acids than benzoic acid further due to the presence of an additional `NO_(2)` group at m-position w.r.t. `COOH` group, 3,4-dinitrobenzoic acid is a little stronger acid than 4-nitrobenzoic acid. thus, the overall acid strength increases in the order:
4-Methoxybenzoic acidltBenzoic acidlt4-Nitrobenzoic acidlt3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid.