Which of the following processes/techniques can be included under biotechnology ?
(i) In vitro fertilisation
(ii) Synthesis of a gene
(iii) Correcting a defective gene
(iv) Developing a DNA vaccine

Options

A. (i) and (ii)
B. (ii) and (iii)
C. (iii) and (iv)
D. (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv)

Explanation

To determine which processes or techniques can be included under biotechnology, we will analyze each option provided in the question:

1. **In vitro fertilization (IVF)**: This is a process where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body, in a laboratory setting. It is used in reproductive technology and is considered a biotechnological technique as it involves manipulating biological systems for human benefit.

2. **Synthesis of a gene**: This refers to the artificial creation of a gene using chemical processes. It is a fundamental technique in biotechnology, especially in genetic engineering, where synthetic genes can be inserted into organisms to produce desired traits.

3. **Correcting a defective gene**: This process is often associated with gene therapy, where defective genes are repaired or replaced to treat genetic disorders. This technique is a significant aspect of biotechnology, focusing on improving health outcomes.

4. **Developing a DNA vaccine**: DNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to induce an immune response. This technique is part of biotechnology as it involves the use of genetic material to create a product that can prevent disease.

After analyzing all four options, we can conclude that all of them are indeed techniques that fall under the umbrella of biotechnology.

**Final Answer**: All of the above processes (i, ii, iii, iv) can be included under biotechnology.

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