The plant-animal interactions often involve co-evolution of the mutualists so that

Options

A. the mutually beneficial system could be safeguarded against 'cheaters'
B. a given plant species can be pollinated only by its partner animal species and no other species
C. the animal utilises plant not only for ovipositions but also to pollinate the plant
D. all of these

Answer

D

Explanation

Plant-animal interactions involve co-evolution of mutualists. This means, the evolution of the plant (e.g., flower) and the animal (e.g. pollinator species) are closely linked with one another.