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Count the number of correct statements.
(a) Minimum potential required for electrophoresis is called zeta potential
(b) Tyndall effect increases with increase in difference in size of particle and wavelength of light used.
(c ) Minimum amount of electrolyte in millimoles per 100 ml required to cause precipitate in two hours is called coagulating value.
(d) Zeolites are shape-selective catalyst.

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The minimum amount of an electrolyte in______ that must be added to one litre of a colloidal solution so as to cause its complete coagulation in two hours is called the precipitation or coagulation value of the electrolyte.

coagultion is the process by which the dispersed phase of a colloid is made to aggregate and thereby separtate from the continuous phase. The minimum concetration of an eletrolyte in milli-moles per litre of the electrolyte solution which required to cause the caogultion of colloidal sol is called coagution value . therefroe higher is the coagulatings power of effective ion, smaller will be the coagultion value of the electrolyte. the coagulation of colloidal particles fo the sol can be caused by :

coagultion is the process by which the dispersed phase of a colloid is made to aggregate and thereby separtate from the continuous phase. The minimum concetration of an eletrolyte in milli-moles per litre of the electrolyte solution which required to cause the caogultion of colloidal sol is called coagution value . therefroe higher is the coagulatings power of effective ion, smaller will be the coagultion value of the electrolyte. coagultion value propto = 1/("coagulating power") the coagulation values of differnt electrolytes are different . this behavious can be easily uderstood by Harby - schulze rule which states. the greater is the valency of the effective ion grreater is its coagulating power," which one had the highest coagulating powe?

coagultion is the process by which the dispersed phase of a colloid is made to aggregate and thereby separtate from the continuous phase. The minimum concetration of an eletrolyte in milli-moles per litre of the electrolyte solution which required to cause the caogultion of colloidal sol is called coagution value . therefroe higher is the coagulatings power of effective ion, smaller will be the coagultion value of the electrolyte. the ability of an ion to bring about coagulation of a given colloid depends upon :

coagultion is the process by which the dispersed phase of a colloid is made to aggregate and thereby separtate from the continuous phase. The minimum concetration of an eletrolyte in milli-moles per litre of the electrolyte solution which required to cause the caogultion of colloidal sol is called coagution value . therefroe higher is the coagulatings power of effective ion, smaller will be the coagultion value of the electrolyte. As_(2)S_(3) sol si negatively charged. Capacity to perciopitate of a given colloid depends upon :

The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. A gelatin sol at pH less than the isoelectric value is subjected to an electric field. The sol particles migrate toward :

The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. When 9.0 ml of arsenious sulphide sol and 1.0 ml of 1.0 xx 10^(-4) M BaCl_(2) are mixed, turbidity due to precipitation just appears after 2 hours. The effective ion and its coagulating value are respectively :

The colloidal particles are electrically charged as a indicated by their migration towards cathode or anode under the applied electric field. In a particular colloidal system, all particles carry either positive charge or negative charge. The electric charge on colloidal particles orginate in several ways. According to preferential adsorption theory, the freshly obtained precipitate particles adsorb ions from the dispersion medium, which are common to their lattice and acquire the charge of adsorbed ions. For example, For example, freshly obtained Fe(OH)_(3) precipitated is dispersed, by a little FeCl_(3) , into colloidal solution owing to the adsorption of Fe^(3+) ions in preference. Thus sol particles will be positively charged. In some cases the colloidal particles are aggregates of cations or anions having ampiphilic character. When the ions posses hydrophobic part (hydrocarbon end) as well as hydrophilic part (polar end group), they undergo association in aqueous solution to form particles having colloidal size. The formation of such particles, called micelles plays a very important role in the solubilization of water insoluble substances, (hydrocarbon, oils, fats, grease etc.). In micelles, the polar end groups are directed towards water and the hydrocarbon ends into the centre. The charge on sol particles of proteins depends on the pH. At low pH, the basic group of protein molecule is ionized (protonated) and at higher pH (alkaline medium), the acidic group is ionized. At isoelectric pH, characteristic to the protein, both basix and acidic groups are equally ionized. The stability of colloidal solution is attributed largely to the electric charge of the dispersed particles. This charge causes them to be coagulated or precipitated. On addition of small amount of electrolytes, the ions carrying oppiste charge are adsorbed by sol particles resulting in the neutralization of their charge. When the sol particles either with no charge or reduced charge, come closer due to Brownian movement, they coalesce to form bigger particles resulting in their separation from the dispersion medium. This is what is called coagulating or precipitation of the colloidal solution. The coagulating power of the effective ion, which depend on its charge, is expressed in terms of its coagulating value, defined as its minimum concentration (m mol/L) needed to precipitate a given sol. Which of the following ions would have the minimum coagulating value for sol obtained on peptizing Sn(OH)_(4) by little NaOH solution?

The amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom to produce a monovalent anion is called electron affinity of first electron affinity or electron gain enthalpy. The first electron affinity is given a negative sign as the addition of an electron to a neutral atom is an exoergic process. The addition of electron to A^(-) requires energy to overcome the force of repulsion. Thus, the second electron affinity is an endoergic process. The magnitude of electron affinity depends on a number of factors such as (i) atomic size (ii) effective nuclear charge (iii) screening effects (iv) half and fully filled orbitals and (v) shape of orbital. In general, electron affinity increase as the atomic radii decrease in a period. However, there are exceptions when the atoms have stable configuration. In a group, electron affinity decreases as the size increases. However, the members of 3rd period have somewhat higher values than the members in the 2nd period of the same subgroups. Which of the following has least electron affinity?