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A common hydrometer has a small portion ...

A common hydrometer has a small portion of its bulb rubbed off due to fequent use. In consquence when placed in wter it appears to indicate the sp . Gravity of water 1.002 find the fraction fo its weight lost dure to frquent use .

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`1/501`
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A device used to measure the specific gravity of a liquid is called a hydrogmeter. In a simple hydrometer there is a cylindrical galss tube with some lead-weight at its bottom. The device floats in liquid while remaining vertical. The top part of the tube extends above the liquid and the divisions marked on the tube allows one to directly read the specific gravity of the liquid. The scale on the tube is calibrated such that in pure water it reads 1.0 at the water surface and a lenght z_(0) of the tube is submerged. calculate the specific gravity of the liquid if the liquid level is DeltaZ above the 1.0 mark. Disregard the curvature of the tube bottom.

Properties such as boiling point, freezing point and vapour pressure of a pure solvent change when solute molecules are added to get homogenous solution. These are called colligative properties. Application of colligative properties are very useful in day-to-day life. One of its example is the use of ethylene glycol and water mixture as anti-freezing liquid in the radiator of automobiles. A solution M is prepared by mixing ethanol and water. The mole fraction of ethanol in the mixture is 0.9 . Given : Freezing point depression constant of water (K_(f)^("water")) = 1.86 K "mol"^(-1) Freezing point depression constant of ethanol (K_(f)^("ethonal")) = 2.0 K kg "mol"^(-1) Boiling point elevation constant of water (K_(b)^("water")) = 0.52 K kg "mol"^(-1) Boiling point elevation constant of ethanol (K_(b)^("ethonal")) = 1.2 K kg mol^(-1) Standard freezing point of water = 273 K Standard freezing point of ethonal = 155.7 K Standard boiling point of water = 373 K Standard boiling point of ethanol = 351.5 K Vapour pressure of pure water = 32.8 mm Hg Vapour pressure of pure ethonal = 40 mm Hg Molecular weight of water = 18 g "mol"^(-1) Molecular weight of ethonal = 45 g"mol"^(-1) In answering the following questions, consider the solution to be ideal ideal solutions and solutes to be non-volatile and non-dissociative. Water is added to the solution M such lthat the molecules fraction of water in t he solution becomes 0.9 . The boiling point of this solution is :

The word fluid means a substance having particles which readily of its magnitude (a small shear stress, which may appear to be of negligible will cause deformation in the fluid). Fluids are charactrised by such properties as density. Specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity etc. Density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume and it is denoted by. The specific gravity represents a numerical ratio of two densities, and water is commonly taken as a reference substance. Specific gravity of a substance in written as the ratio of density of substance to the density of water. Specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of fluid. It is related to the density as the product of density of a fluid and acceleration due to gravity. Viscosity is the most important and is recognized as the only single property which influences the fluid motion to a great extent. The viscosity is the property by virtue of which a fluid offers resistance to deformation under the influenece if shear force. The force between the layers opposing relative motion between them are known as forces of viscosity. When a boat moves slowly on the river remains at rest. Velocities of different layers are different. Let v be the velocity of the level at a distance y from the bed and V+dv be the velocity at a distance y+dy . The velocity differs by dv in going through a distance by perpendicular to it. The quantity (dv)/(dy) is called velocity gradient. The force of viscosity between two layers of a fluid is proportional to velocity gradient and Area of the layer. F prop A & F prop (dv)/(dy) F= -etaA(dv)/(dy) ( -ve sign shown the force is frictional in nature and opposes relative motion. eta coefficient of dynamic viscosity Shear stress (F)/(A)= -eta(dv)/(dy) and simultaneously kinematic viscosity is defined as the dynamic viscosity divided by the density. If is denoted as v . The viscosity of a fluid depends upon its intermolecular structure. In gases, the molecules are widely spaced resulting in a negligible intermolecular cohesion, while in liquids the molecules being very close to each other, the cohesion is much larger with the increases of temperature, the cohesive force decreases rapidly resulting in the decreases of viscosity. In case of gases, the viscosity is mainly due to transfer of molecular momentum in the transerve direction brought about by the molecular agitation. Molecular agitation increases with rise in temperature. Thus we conclude that viscosity of a fluid may thus be considered to be composed of two parts, first due to intermolecuar cohesion and second due to transfer of molecular momentum. Ten litres of a liquid of specific gravity 1.3 is mixed with 6 litres of a liquid of specific gravity 0.8 the specific gravity of mixture is

The word fluid means a substance having particles which readily of its magnitude (a small shear stress, which may appear to be of negligible will cause deformation in the fluid). Fluids are charactrised by such properties as density. Specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity etc. Density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume and it is denoted by. The specific gravity represents a numerical ratio of two densities, and water is commonly taken as a reference substance. Specific gravity of a substance in written as the ratio of density of substance to the density of water. Specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of fluid. It is related to the density as the product of density of a fluid and acceleration due to gravity. Viscosity is the most important and is recognized as the only single property which influences the fluid motion to a great extent. The viscosity is the property by virtue of which a fluid offers resistance to deformation under the influenece if shear force. The force between the layers opposing relative motion between them are known as forces of viscosity. When a boat moves slowly on the river remains at rest. Velocities of different layers are different. Let v be the velocity of the level at a distance y from the bed and V+dv be the velocity at a distance y+dy . The velocity differs by dv in going through a distance by perpendicular to it. The quantity (dv)/(dy) is called velocity gradient. The force of viscosity between two layers of a fluid is proportional to velocity gradient and Area of the layer. F prop A & F prop (dv)/(dy) F= -etaA(dv)/(dy) ( -ve sign shown the force is frictional in nature and opposes relative motion. eta coefficient of dynamic viscosity Shear stress (F)/(A)= -eta(dv)/(dy) and simultaneously kinematic viscosity is defined as the dynamic viscosity divided by the density. If is denoted as v . The viscosity of a fluid depends upon its intermolecular structure. In gases, the molecules are widely spaced resulting in a negligible intermolecular cohesion, while in liquids the molecules being very close to each other, the cohesion is much larger with the increases of temperature, the cohesive force decreases rapidly resulting in the decreases of viscosity. In case of gases, the viscosity is mainly due to transfer of molecular momentum in the transerve direction brought about by the molecular agitation. Molecular agitation increases with rise in temperature. Thus we conclude that viscosity of a fluid may thus be considered to be composed of two parts, first due to intermolecuar cohesion and second due to transfer of molecular momentum. If the velocity profile is given by v=(2)/(3)y-y^(2)v is velocity in m//sec y is in meter above the bad. Determine shear stress at y=0.15m , & eta=0.863 Ns//m^(2)

The word fluid means a substance having particles which readily of its magnitude (a small shear stress, which may appear to be of negligible will cause deformation in the fluid). Fluids are charactrised by such properties as density. Specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity etc. Density of a substance is defined as mass per unit volume and it is denoted by. The specific gravity represents a numerical ratio of two densities, and water is commonly taken as a reference substance. Specific gravity of a substance in written as the ratio of density of substance to the density of water. Specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of fluid. It is related to the density as the product of density of a fluid and acceleration due to gravity. Viscosity is the most important and is recognized as the only single property which influences the fluid motion to a great extent. The viscosity is the property by virtue of which a fluid offers resistance to deformation under the influenece if shear force. The force between the layers opposing relative motion between them are known as forces of viscosity. When a boat moves slowly on the river remains at rest. Velocities of different layers are different. Let v be the velocity of the level at a distance y from the bed and V+dv be the velocity at a distance y+dy . The velocity differs by dv in going through a distance by perpendicular to it. The quantity (dv)/(dy) is called velocity gradient. The force of viscosity between two layers of a fluid is proportional to velocity gradient and Area of the layer. F prop A & F prop (dv)/(dy) F= -etaA(dv)/(dy) ( -ve sign shown the force is frictional in nature and opposes relative motion. eta coefficient of dynamic viscosity Shear stress (F)/(A)= -eta(dv)/(dy) and simultaneously kinematic viscosity is defined as the dynamic viscosity divided by the density. If is denoted as v . The viscosity of a fluid depends upon its intermolecular structure. In gases, the molecules are widely spaced resulting in a negligible intermolecular cohesion, while in liquids the molecules being very close to each other, the cohesion is much larger with the increases of temperature, the cohesive force decreases rapidly resulting in the decreases of viscosity. In case of gases, the viscosity is mainly due to transfer of molecular momentum in the transerve direction brought about by the molecular agitation. Molecular agitation increases with rise in temperature. Thus we conclude that viscosity of a fluid may thus be considered to be composed of two parts, first due to intermolecuar cohesion and second due to transfer of molecular momentum. Viscosity of liquids

NN GHOSH-HYDROSTATICS-EXERCISES
  1. A beaker containing water (weighing 150 g) is placed on the pan of a b...

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  2. A beaker containing water is placed on the pan of a balance which show...

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  3. A boat flaoting in a water tank is carrying a number of large stones. ...

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  4. A breaker filled with water up to the brim contanis a piece of ice flo...

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  5. A man ina boat drink water from alake. Will the level of water of the ...

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  6. A man is a boat scoops out a stone from the bottom o f a lake and put...

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  7. In problem 43 if the piece of ice contains a piece of brass, will the...

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  8. IN problem 43 , what difference will be observed (a) if the water is h...

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  9. In problem 43 , if the piece of ice contains a piece of cork . Will wa...

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  10. An ideal gas is trapped between a mercury column and the closed-end of...

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  11. A vertical cylinder of total lwgth 100 cm is closed at the lower end a...

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  12. Two spheres of volume 250 cc each but of relative densities 0.8 an d 1...

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  13. Two non - viscous, incompressible and immiscible liquids of densities ...

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  14. A common hydrometer has a small portion of its bulb rubbed off due to ...

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  15. find the density of air at any height and hence the height at which it...

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  16. an oil tanker moving with speed v decelerates uniformly and comes to a...

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  17. the base of cylindrical vessel is hemesphericl in shape with rdius R ...

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  18. A lipuid is poured into a cylindrical vessel of height H and mass M. t...

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  19. A container contains a liquid whose density varies from free surface a...

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  20. A long metal rod of length I and density p is held vertically with its...

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