Which of the following enhances or induces fusion of protoplasts

Options

A. Polyethylene glycol and sodium nitrate
B. IAA and kinetin
C. IAA and gibberellins
D. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride

Answer

To determine which of the following enhances or induces the fusion of protoplasts, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Protoplast Fusion**: Protoplast fusion refers to the process where the cell walls of plant cells are removed, resulting in naked cells (protoplasts) that can fuse together. This fusion can lead to genetic exchange and the creation of hybrid cells.

2. **Identifying Agents for Protoplast Fusion**: Among the options provided, we need to identify substances that are known to facilitate or enhance the fusion of protoplasts.

3. **Evaluating the Options**:
- **Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)**: This substance is known to induce protoplast fusion by facilitating the merging of cell membranes. It helps in the uptake of calcium ions and promotes osmotic balance, which is crucial for fusion.
- **Sodium Nitrate**: This compound also plays a role in protoplast fusion by affecting the lipoprotein membranes and making them more permeable, thus allowing the protoplasts to come into closer contact and fuse.
- **Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)**: This is a plant growth hormone that promotes growth but does not directly induce protoplast fusion.
- **Kinetin and Gibberellins**: These are also plant hormones that promote growth and development but are not involved in the fusion of protoplasts.
- **Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride**: These salts do not have a role in protoplast fusion.

4. **Conclusion**: Based on the evaluation, the substances that enhance or induce the fusion of protoplasts are **Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Nitrate**. Therefore, the correct answer is the first option.

### Final Answer:
The substances that enhance or induce the fusion of protoplasts are **Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium Nitrate**.

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