Fertilization of ovum can be prevented by:

Options

A. tubal ligation
B. vasectomy
C. use of IUDs
D. all of these

Answer

To answer the question "Fertilization of ovum can be prevented by:", we will explore the methods that can prevent the fertilization process in reproductive health.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Fertilization**: Fertilization is the process where a sperm cell unites with an ovum (egg) to form a zygote. To prevent this, we need to look at methods that inhibit this union.

2. **Tubal Ligation**: This is a surgical procedure performed on females where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked. This prevents the ovum from traveling to the uterus, thus preventing fertilization by sperm.

3. **Vasectomy**: This is a surgical procedure for males where the vas deferens (the duct that carries sperm) is cut or blocked. This prevents sperm from being included in the ejaculate, thereby preventing fertilization.

4. **Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)**: IUDs are contraceptive devices inserted into the uterus. They work by creating an environment that is hostile to sperm and eggs, thereby preventing fertilization.

5. **Conclusion**: All three methods mentioned (tubal ligation, vasectomy, and the use of IUDs) are effective in preventing the fertilization of the ovum. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is that fertilization of the ovum can be prevented by any of these methods.

### Final Answer:
Fertilization of ovum can be prevented by:
- Tubal ligation
- Vasectomy
- Use of IUDs