Explain in detail the various types of errors.

Explanation

Types of errors:
a. Systematic error b. Random error
c. Gross error
a. Systematic errors: They are reproducible inaccuratcies that are consistently in the same direction.
It is classified as follows:
1. Instrumental errors: It arises when an instrument is not calibrated properly at the time of manufacturing. it can be corrected by choosing accurate instruments.
2. Imperfections in experimental technique or procedure, It is due to the limitation in the experimental arrangement. To overcome this, necessary and proper correction is to be applied.
3. Personal errors: These errors are due to individuals performing teh experiment, may be due to incorrect initial setting up to due to incorrect initial setting up to the experiment or carelessness of the individual making the observation of the individual making the observation due to improper precautions.
4. Errors due to external causes: The change in the external conditions during an experiment can cause error in measurement. For example changes in temperature, humidity, or pressure during measuremens may affect the result of the measurement.
5. Least count error: Least count is the smallest value that the can be measured by the measuring instrument and the error due to this measurement is least couny error.
b. Random error:
1. It arises due to random and unpredictable variations in experiemental conditions like pressure, temperature, voltage supply, etc.
2. It also arises due to personal errors by the observer. It is sometimes called change erors.
3. It can be minimised by repeating the observations a large number of times and taking the arithmetic mean of all the observation.
c. Gross error:
1. The error caused due to the shear carelessness of an observer is called gross error.
2. It can be minimized only when an observer is careful an mentally alert.