Explain in detail about systematic errors and its classification.

Explanation

Systemaic errors : They are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction.
It is classified as follows :
(i) Instrumental errors : It arrises when an instrument is not calibrated properly at the time of manufacturing. It can be corrected by choosing accurate instruments.
(ii) Imperfections in experimental technique or procedure: It is due to the limitation in the experimental arrangement. To overcome this, necessary and proper correction is to be applied.
(iii) Personal errors : These errors are due to individuals performing the experiment, may be due to incorrect initial setting up to the experiment or carelessness of the individual making the observation due to improper precautions.
(iv) Errors due to external causes : The change in the external conditions during an experiment can cause error in measurement. For example, changes in temperature, humidity, or pressure during measurements may affect the result of the measurement.
(v) Least count error : Least count is the smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument, and the error due to this meausrement is least count error.