Explain in detail the various types of errors.

Explanation

Types of errors :
(a) Systematic error (b) Random error
( c) Gross error
(a) Systematic errors : They are reprducible inaccurales that are consistently in the same direction. These are the errors whose casuses are known. It can be miniminsed
It is classified as follows :
(1) Instrumental errors : It arise when an instument is not calibrated properly at the time of manufacture . it can be corrected by choosing instruments .
(2) Imperefections in experimental technique or procedure : it is due to the limitation in the experimental arrangement. To overcome this , necessary and proper correction is to be applied .
(3) Personal errors : These errors are due to individuals performing the experiment , may be due to incorrect initial setting up of the experiment to carelessness of the individual making to observation due to improper precautions
(4) Errors due to external causes : The change in the external conditions during an experiment can cause error in measurement . For example, changes in temperature , humidity , or pressure during measurements may after the result of the measurement .
(5) Least count error : Least count is the smallest value can be measured by the measuring instrument , and the error due to this measurement is least count error .
(B) Random error :
(1) It arises due to random and uppredicatable variations in experimental ocnditions like pressure, temeperature , voltage supply etc.
(2) It also arises due to presonal errors by the observer. It is sometimes called 'chance errors
(3) It can be minimised by repeating the observations a large number of times and taking the aritmetic mean of all the observations .
(C) Gross error :
(1) The error caused due to the shear carelessness of an observer is called gross error
(2) It can be minized only when an observer is careful and mentally alert .