Write a note on a) Uremia -b) Renal Calculi

Explanation

Uremia:
1. Uremia is characterized by increase in urea and other non-protein nitrogenous substances like uric acid and creatinine in blood.
2. Normal urea level in human blood is about 17-30mg/100mL of blood. The urea concentration rises as 10 times of normal levels during chronic renal failure. 1. Renal calculi, also called renal stone or nephrolithiasis, is the formation of hard stone like masses in the renal tubules of renal pelvis.
2. It is mainly due to the accumulation of soluble crystals of salts of sodium oxalates and certain phosphates.
This result in severe pain called "renal colic pain" and can cause scars in the kidneys. Renal stones can be removed by techniques like pyleothotomy or lithotripsy