In human beings the diploid (2n) body cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
(i) chromosomal abnormalities are caused by errors is the number or structure of chromosome.
(ii) Failure of chromatids to segregate during cell division resulting in the gain or loss of of one or more chromosomes called aneuploidy. It is caused by the non-disjunction of chromosomes.
(iii) There abnormalities causes various syndromes in human beings. They are
1. Down's Syndrome/Trisomy-21:
Trisomic condition of chromosome - 21 results in Down's syndrome. It is characterized by severe mental retardation, defective development of the central nervous system, increased separation between the eyes, flattened nose, ears are malformed, mouth is constantly open and the tongue protrudes.
2. Patau's Syndrome/Trisomy-13:
(i) Trisomic condition of chromosome 13 results in Patau's syndome. Meiotic non disjunction is thought to be the cause for this chromosomal abnormality.
(ii) It is characterized by multiple and severe body malformations as well as profound mental deficiency. Small head with small eyes, cleft palate, malformation of the brain and internal organs are some of the symptoms of this syndrome.
b. Allosomal abnormalities in humanbeings:
Miotic or meiotic non-disjunction of sex chromosomes causes allosomal abnormalities. Several sex chromosoaml abnormalities have been detected. Eg. klinefelter's syndrome and Turner's syndrome.
1. Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY Males):
This genetic disorder is due to the presence of an additional copy of the X chromosome resulting in a karyotype of 47, XXY. Persons with this syndrome have 47 chromosomes (44AA+XXY). They are usually sterile males, tall, obese, with long limbs, high pitched voice, under developed genitalia and have feeble breast (gynaecomastia) development.
2. Turner's Syndrome (XO Females):
This genetic disorder is due to the loss of a X chromosome resulting in a karyotype of 45, X. Persons with this syndrome have 45 chromosomes (44 autosomes and one X chromosome) (44AA+XO) and are sterile females. Low stature, webbed neck, under developed breast, rudimentary gonads lack of menstrual cycle during puberty, are the main symptoms of this syndrome.
