Explain the following terms `:`
(a.) Electrophoresis (b.) Coagulation
(c.) Dialysis (d.) Tyndall effect

Explanation

(i) Electrophoresis:
(ii) Coagulation or precipitation: The stability of the lyophobic sols is due to the presence of charge on colloidal particles. If somehow, the charge is removed, the particles will come nearer to each other to form aggregates (or coagulate) and settle down the force of gravity. The process of setting down of colloidal particles is called coagulation.
(iii) Dialysis: It is the process of removing dissolved substances from a colloidal solution by means of diffusion through a suitable membrane. Since particles (ions or smaller molecules) in a true solution can pass through animal membrane (bladder) or parchment paper or cellophane sheet but not the colloidal particles, the membrane can be used for dialysis. The apparatus used for this purpose is called dialyser. A bag of suitable membrane containing the colloidal solution is suspended in a vessel through which fresh water is continuously flowing. The molecules and ions diffuse through membrane into the outer water and pure colloidal solution is left behind.
(iv) Tyndall effect: