Which name is invalid :–

Options

A. Name not published in species plantarum
B. Name proposed prior to 1961
C. Name which is not in latin
D. Name for which holotype is not designated

Answer

To determine which name is invalid among the given options, we need to analyze each option based on the rules of botanical nomenclature. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the solution:

### Step 1: Understand the context of botanical nomenclature
Botanical nomenclature follows specific rules set by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). The foundational work for plant nomenclature is "Species Plantarum" published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, which established the use of binomial nomenclature.

### Step 2: Evaluate the options
1. **Species not published in "Species Plantarum"**: According to the rules, any species not published in this foundational work is considered invalid. This option is potentially valid.

2. **Names proposed before 1961**: The principle of priority states that names published after 1753 are valid. Therefore, names proposed before 1961 can still be valid if they were published after 1753. This option is also potentially valid.

3. **Names not in Latin**: All scientific names must be in Latin or Latinized. If a name is not in Latin, it is indeed invalid. However, this option is misleading because it does not account for the fact that names can be derived from other languages but must be presented in Latin.

4. **Names without a designated holotype**: According to the principle of typification, it is mandatory to designate a holotype when a new species is described. If a name does not have a holotype, it is considered invalid.

### Step 3: Identify the invalid name
From the analysis:
- Option 1 is valid as it follows the rules.
- Option 2 is valid as it can still be recognized if published after 1753.
- Option 3 is misleading but can be valid if Latinized.
- Option 4 is clearly invalid because it does not follow the requirement of designating a holotype.

### Conclusion
The name that is invalid is **Option 4**, which states that a name without a designated holotype is valid.

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