Structures for dispersal of spores in bryophyta are :-

Options

A. Elaters
B. Pseudoelaters
C. Peristomeal teeth
D. All the above

Answer

To answer the question regarding the structures for dispersal of spores in Bryophyta, we can break down the information as follows:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Bryophyta**:
- Bryophyta, commonly known as mosses, are non-vascular plants that reproduce via spores instead of seeds.

2. **Identifying Structures for Spore Dispersal**:
- The key structures involved in spore dispersal in Bryophyta include:
- **Elaters**: These are specialized cells that respond to moisture changes. When the humidity decreases, elaters change shape, helping to disperse the spores.
- **Pseudo-elaters**: These are single-celled structures that surround the spores and help propel them further into the environment.
- **Peristomial Teeth**: These are part of the sporangium and help in the gradual release of spores, allowing for a controlled dispersal rather than an immediate release.

3. **Conclusion**:
- All three structures mentioned (elaters, pseudo-elaters, and peristomial teeth) play a role in the dispersal of spores in Bryophyta. Therefore, the correct answer is that all of these structures contribute to spore dispersal.

### Final Answer:
The structures for dispersal of spores in Bryophyta are: **Elaters, Pseudo-elaters, and Peristomial teeth**. Thus, the answer is **option 4: all of the above**.

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