Success and dominance of vascular plants on earth is due to :-

Options

A. Development of roots
B. Development of water proofing materials like cutin on surface
C. Development of conducting tissues
D. All the above

Answer

**Step-by-Step Solution:**

1. **Understanding Vascular Plants**: Vascular plants are characterized by the presence of specialized tissues that facilitate the transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant. These tissues include xylem and phloem.

2. **Role of Roots**: The development of roots is crucial for vascular plants as they anchor the plant to the soil and absorb water and minerals from the ground. This ability to access resources underground contributes significantly to their success.

3. **Water-proofing Material**: Vascular plants have evolved water-proofing materials, such as cutin, which helps reduce water loss through evaporation. This adaptation is vital for survival in various environments, especially in terrestrial habitats.

4. **Conducting Tissues**: The presence of well-developed conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) allows for efficient transportation of water, minerals, and nutrients. Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem distributes the products of photosynthesis.

5. **Conclusion**: The success and dominance of vascular plants on Earth can be attributed to a combination of these factors: the development of roots, the presence of water-proofing materials, and the evolution of conducting tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is that all these factors contribute to their success.

**Final Answer**: The success and dominance of vascular plants on Earth is due to all of the above reasons.

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