Which one of the following is common to multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and protonema of mosses :

Options

A. Mode of Nutrition
B. Multiplication by fragmentation
C. Diplontic life cycle
D. Members of kingdom Plantae

Answer

To solve the question of what is common to multicellular fungi, filamentous algae, and the protonema of mosses, we can break down the options provided and analyze each one step by step.

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding the Organisms**:
- **Multicellular Fungi**: These are organisms that consist of multiple cells and have a complex structure. They obtain nutrients through absorption.
- **Filamentous Algae**: These are algae that grow in long, thread-like structures (filaments). They are photosynthetic and belong to the kingdom Protista.
- **Protonema of Mosses**: This is the early stage of moss development, which is a filamentous structure that arises from the germination of moss spores.

2. **Analyzing the Options**:
- **Mode of Nutrition**: Fungi are heterotrophic (absorb nutrients), while filamentous algae are autotrophic (photosynthesize). Therefore, this option is not common to all three.
- **Multiplication by Fragmentation**: Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism breaks into fragments, and each fragment can grow into a new organism. This method is common in fungi, filamentous algae, and the protonema of mosses.
- **Diplontic Life Cycle**: This refers to a life cycle where the dominant stage is diploid. This is not applicable to all three groups, as they have different life cycles.
- **Members of Kingdom Plantae**: Multicellular fungi are not part of the Plantae kingdom; they belong to the kingdom Fungi. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

3. **Conclusion**:
- The only commonality among multicellular fungi, filamentous algae, and the protonema of mosses is that they can all reproduce through fragmentation.

### Final Answer:
**Multiplication by fragmentation** is common to multicellular fungi, filamentous algae, and the protonema of mosses.

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