Which of the following organisms are multiplied by fragmentation?
1. Fungi
2. All algae
3. Protonema of mosses

Options

A. 1 and 2
B. 1,2 and 3
C. 2 and 3
D. 1 and 3

Explanation

To determine which organisms multiply by fragmentation, we need to analyze each option provided in the question:

1. **Fungi**:
- Fungi are known to reproduce through various methods, one of which is fragmentation. In this process, the mycelium (the vegetative part of the fungus) breaks into fragments, and each fragment can grow into a new organism. Therefore, fungi do multiply by fragmentation.

2. **All Algae**:
- Algae can reproduce in several ways, including fragmentation. However, it's important to note that not all algae reproduce by this method. Only certain types, particularly filamentous algae, can reproduce through fragmentation. Therefore, the statement that "all algae" multiply by fragmentation is incorrect.

3. **Protonema of Mosses**:
- Protonema is the early stage of moss development that arises from the germination of spores. It can also reproduce by fragmentation. When parts of the protonema break off, they can grow into new protonema, thus confirming that protonema of mosses does multiply by fragmentation.

Based on the analysis above, we conclude that:

- **Fungi** (Option 1) multiply by fragmentation.
- **All Algae** (Option 2) do not multiply by fragmentation.
- **Protonema of Mosses** (Option 3) multiply by fragmentation.

Thus, the correct answer is that both fungi and protonema of mosses multiply by fragmentation.

**Final Answer**: Option D (1 and 3) - Fungi and Protonema of Mosses.

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