Give equations for the industrial extraction of zinc from calamine.

Answer

To extract zinc from calamine (ZnCO₃), the industrial process involves two main steps: calcination and reduction. Below are the detailed equations for each step.

### Step 1: Calcination
In this step, calamine (zinc carbonate) is heated to convert it into zinc oxide. During this process, carbon dioxide gas is released.

**Equation:**
\[ \text{2 ZnCO}_3 (s) \rightarrow \text{2 ZnO} (s) + \text{CO}_2 (g) \]

### Step 2: Reduction
In the second step, zinc oxide is reduced to zinc metal. This is typically done using carbon (in the form of coke) as a reducing agent.

**Equation:**
\[ \text{ZnO} (s) + \text{C} (s) \rightarrow \text{Zn} (l) + \text{CO} (g) \]

### Overall Reaction
Combining both steps, the overall reaction for the extraction of zinc from calamine can be represented as:
\[ \text{2 ZnCO}_3 (s) + \text{C} (s) \rightarrow \text{2 Zn} (l) + \text{2 CO} (g) + \text{CO}_2 (g) \]

### Summary
1. **Calcination**: Converts ZnCO₃ to ZnO and releases CO₂.
2. **Reduction**: Converts ZnO to Zn using carbon, producing CO.