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Lichens are called pioneer colonisers of...

Lichens are called pioneer colonisers of bare rock. How can they help in formation of soil?

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Lichens release small quantity of acids which corrode the surface of rock creating minute pores and releasing minerals. With the passage,of time these minerals deposit on rock to form a thin layer of soil.
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Name the pioneer species on a bare rock. How do they help in establishing the next ype of vegetation ? Mention the type of climax community that will ultimately get established.

Name the pioneer species on a bare rock. How do they help in establishing the next type of vegetation? Mention the type of climax community that will ultimately get established.

(A) : Lichens cannot be the pioneer species on a bare rock. (R) : They are unable to tolerate desiccation and temperature.

How can we prevent the loss of top soil?