Raghav is a student of class `X` who was trying to convert the groundnut oil into solid fat (vanaspati ghee). He took the oil inan appropriate flask having an arrangement for passing hydrogen gas into it. Raghav pased the hydrogen gas into oil and heated them together for a considerable time. On cooling the apparatus, Raghav found that even after heating them together for a considerable time. On cooling the apparatus, Raghav found that even after heating together oil and hydrogen for a considerable time, no solid fat was formed. Raghav shard this problem with his sister Divya who is studyging in class XI. She advised him ot add a certain finely divided substance while heating oil wih hydrogen gas. When Raghav repeated the experiment by adding this substance to oil and hydrogen mixture, then the liquid oil was converted into a solid fat.Divya advised Raghav not to consume the fat prepared by him in the laboratory.
(a) What was he finely divided substance which Raghav was asked to add for converting oil into fat?
What is its function?
(b) What type of substance is (i) an oil, and (ii) a fat?
(c) What is the special name of conversion of oils into fats used in Industry?
(d) What are the two types of chemical reactions exemplified by the conversion of oils into fats?
(e) Why did Divya ask Raghav not to consume the fat prepared by him in the laboratory?
(f) What values are exhibited by Divya in this episode?

Explanation

(a) Raghav was asked to add finely divided nickel for converting oil into fat. Finely divided nickel acts as a catalyst in the reaction between oil and hydrogen.
(b) (i) An oil an unsaturated organic compun. It is usually in liquid form at the room temperature.
(ii)( A fat is a saturated organic compound. It is usually a solid (or semi-solid) at the room temperature.
(c)Hydrogenation of oils.
(d)(i) The conversion of oil into fat exemplifies a combination reaction (because in this reaction tow substances, oil and hydrogen, combine to form a single substance called fat).
(ii) The conversion of oil into fat also exemplifies a reduction reaction (because addition of hydrogen to a substance is called reduction).
(e) Divya asked Raghav not to consume the fat prepared by him in the laboratory because it containe dfiely divided nickel metal particles whihc were added as catalyst but could not be removed by Raghav.Thes nickel metal particles could damage his health.
(f) The values exhibited by Divya in this episode are (i) Awareness (or knowledge) that hydrogenation of oils takes place in the presence of finely divided nickel as catalyst (ii) Helping nature, and (iii) Concern for the health of her brother.