The processes which are collectively referred to as downstream processing are used for

Options

A. identification and purification
B. separation and purification
C. selection and separation
D. identification and separation

Answer

To solve the question regarding the processes collectively referred to as downstream processing, we can follow these steps:

### Step-by-Step Solution:

1. **Understanding Downstream Processing**:
- Downstream processing refers to the series of processes that occur after the biosynthetic stage of production. This is crucial for preparing a product for market release.

2. **Identifying the Purpose**:
- The main goal of downstream processing is to ensure that the product is ready for consumer use. This involves various steps that enhance the product's quality and safety.

3. **Key Processes Involved**:
- The primary processes involved in downstream processing include:
- **Separation**: This involves isolating the desired product from the mixture of other substances.
- **Purification**: This step ensures that the product is free from contaminants and impurities.

4. **Finalizing the Answer**:
- Based on the understanding that downstream processing is focused on preparing products through separation and purification, the correct answer to the question is **separation and purification**.

### Final Answer:
The processes which are collectively referred to as downstream processing are used for **separation and purification**.